Feeding Guide For The First Year

Nia Rouseberg Author: Nia Rouseberg Time for reading: ~30 minutes Last Updated: August 08, 2022
Feeding Guide for the First Year

Due to immaturity and reduced functions of the digestive and excretory system, the most suitable food for him is his mother's breast milk during the first three months of a child's life.

After the nursing period, this period secretory functions and the activity of digestive enzymes are low, due to which the absorption of food is difficult. By the end of the first year, the amount of salivary secretion is still only 1/10 of that of an adult.

 

The development of the body in babies

The capacity of the stomach gradually increases with age, as follows 30-60 s m ³ in the newborn to 250-400 s m ³ in the carriage of a year and to 1000 sm ³ at the age of 10 years. The activity of the proteolytic enzymes of the pancreas is reduced. The activity of lactase is highest in the newborn and later decreases.

 

The low activity of pancreatic α-amylase in the newborn does not allow the use of polysaccharides. During the first life, the activity increases 5 times, and by maturity - 50 times. In the second month of life, only about 20% of the polysaccharides are resorbed, and by the fourth month - up to 77%.

 

The undeveloped masticatory apparatus also places special requirements regarding the consistency of baby food. From liquid in the first three months, it gradually becomes semi-mushy, finely homogenized with a particle size of up to 0.2 mm for children aged 3 to 5 months. Foods for children aged 5 to 8 months are pureed, more concentrated and more coarsely ground - with particle sizes up to 2 mm . In order to prepare the child for the transition to general food, the particle sizes in food for children from 9 to 1 month reach 0.5 cm .

 

The infant's body should not be overloaded with phosphorus, sodium, chlorine and protein due to the immaturity of the excretory system. Violation of this requirement causes severe metabolic disturbances - increased phosphorus content in the blood with a reduced calcium level and convulsions, an increase in urea in the blood and prone to dehydration and acidosis. This also requires limiting the amount of cooking salt in food.

 

Due to the immaturity and reduced detoxification function of the black slave, very high requirements are placed on the chemical and bacterial purity of children's foods. In this connection, preservatives in these foods are prohibited.

 

The concentration of nitrites must be below 250 mg/kg . In this regard, special attention is paid to spinach, carrots, and beets, which accumulate nitrates. If used for children under three months of age, the maximum permissible concentration is 75 mg NO / kg .

 

Ready-made baby foods must be free of antibiotics, hormones, aflatoxins and, if possible, pesticides and heavy metals.

 

Chemical additives are not allowed in children's food of non-food origin, such as preservatives, colorings, flavorings, etc., with the exception of vitamins and some mineral substances in amounts consistent with daily needs. Only the addition of vitamin C in larger doses is allowed. To improve the taste and aroma, non-irritating vegetable spices can be used, such as onions, parsley, celery, tomatoes, etc. These requirements are respected in the production of ready-made baby food in our country.

The technology used must guarantee both sufficient bacterial purity and food safety, as well as maximum preservation of their biological value. In their industrial production, technologies such as deep freezing, lyophilization, microwave treatment, etc. deserve attention. In order to avoid their additional contamination with heavy metals, glass containers are preferred, and metal containers and packaging are avoided.

The normal development of the infant only on the mother's breast milk (with the introduction of fruit juices from the second month) is possible up to 4-5 months of age. After this period, the infant is fed with more concentrated baby food, with higher energy content, richer in protein substances, vitamins, iron, and other mineral substances. In order to ensure enzymatic adaptation of the digestive system to the new foods, it is necessary to introduce them slowly and carefully. In no case should two new foods for the infant be introduced at the same time. After getting used to the first food, you can start feeding with a second one.

 

Introduction of different foods in healthy and naturally fed infants

in the second month - fruit juice;

at the end of the fourth puree of sunflower seeds and milk;

the end of the fifth month - milk-flour porridge or milk-fruit sour and every other day ¼ boiled egg white;

in the sixth month - day ready meat-vegetable puree;

in the seventh month - soup with cheese, a crust of bread, grated fruit and 30 g . soup_ _

during the ninth-tenth month, a more varied common food is gradually included at lunch (meatballs with sauce, stuffed peppers, scrambled eggs with tomatoes, pea stew, some bread, etc.);

in the eleventh month, another breastfeeding is replaced by yogurt with biscuits or other dairy desserts and creams;

in the twelfth month - weaning (replacing the last breastfeeding with fermented milk with biscuits or with a bun and some bread).

 

After 9 months of age, fruits and vegetables are offered chopped or grated; the meat must be finely ground - veal, lamb, poultry. Instead of sour cream and porridge, a variety of creams, muffins, biscuits with milk, and other softer snacks are given. In this way, the 8-9-month-old child gets a real lunch of the following three types of dishes, which in volume reach a maximum of 200-250 cm ³ :

1) meat broth or vegetable soup with meat broth - 50s m ³ ;

2) vegetable pre;

3) dessert – fruit juice – 30-40s m ³. From the 10-11th month, meat dishes are given 4-5 times a month. In the absence of veal, lamb and poultry, lean pork can also be included. Mashed brain and liver are given.

 

It is recommended to prepare a fish dish once every 7-10 days. For this purpose, lean types of fish with poor bones are suitable (white fish, hake). The cleaning of bones should be done very carefully.

 

The child's daily ration until the end of the first year must contain no less than 600 s m ³ of milk.

Natural fruit and vegetable juices are given to children up to one year 1-2 times a day in the amount of 30-60 cm³ . In order to preserve vitamin C and prevent the development of microorganisms, juices should be served after their preparation. In the absence of freshly prepared juices, canned baby juices and nectars enriched with vitamin C can be given.

It is not recommended to mix cabbage, apple, and carrot juices with other fruits and vegetables, because they contain ascorbic oxidase, which quickly destroys vitamin C. In the first months, avoid citrus fruit juice, which is not always well tolerated. Care must also be taken with strawberry juice due to the difficulty of washing the fruit and causing allergic reactions in some children. Avoid plum and grape juices as they cause digestive disorders.

Cereal or cereal-milk-based instant baby foods from the "Sun" series, wheat porridge, wheat-milk porridge, apple porridge, apple-milk porridge, banana porridge, quince porridge, etc., are very suitable for feeding infants. They contain starch, vegetable and milk protein, B group vitamins, minerals (iron, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium), etc. Although they are low in fat (0.5-1 g /100 g ), 40-60% of them are represented by unsaturated fatty acids. In order to increase the biological value of protein and calcium content, foods that do not contain milk should be prepared with milk.

The residual amounts of phytic acid they contain bind iron, zinc, and other minerals and reduce their absorption. Therefore, added milk remains the main source of calcium.

Cottage cheese is given to the infant after the 4-5th month. It is available in combination with porridge, vegetable purees, milk (fresh or sour), and fruit juices, or purees.

After the fifth month, as an additional source of phosphorus, calcium, iron, vitamins A, D, and E , lecithin, and vitelline, hard-boiled egg yolk is given, which is added after grinding into porridge, vegetable puree, or soup .

With the feeding of concentrated, more difficult to digest fruit-vegetable and meat foods, the intervals between meals increase from 3 to 3.5-4 h , and the number of meals at the end of the first year is reduced from 6-7 to 5 possibly to 4 for more greedy and fast gaining children.

 

Basic needs in feeding infants

Nutrition in infancy and early childhood is one of the most important factors determining the normal growth and development of a child. Some diseases later in life can be the result of poor nutrition in early childhood. Under normal conditions during this period, the newborn triples its weight and doubles its height from the moment of birth.

The quality and quantity of food are particularly important factors in the first twelve months of life. The peculiarities of the feeding of the infant are determined by the higher nutritional requirements, the immature digestive and excretory systems, the lack of teeth and some peculiarities of the metabolism.

Due to the significant dynamics in exchange processes and the degree of maturation of the digestive and excretory systems, the period up to one year of age is conditionally divided into two:

up to 6 months

over 6 months depending on the specifics of nutritional needs.

 

The importance of breast milk for infant nutrition

Breastfeeding is the most optimal nutrition for the newborn up to 4-6 months of age. Breast milk not only optimally satisfies the baby's nutritional needs, but also stimulates the development of the digestive system, increases resistance to infections and creates an optimal physical and emotional bond between mother and child. It is recommended that breast milk be the only food for the normal newborn until 4-6 months of life.

The energy needs of an infant are three times higher than those of an adult. The reason for this is the higher intensity of metabolic processes and the significant need for nutrients to ensure growth.

The main sources of energy in the nutrition of the infant are carbohydrates and fats, and it has not been established which is the priority supplier of energy. 5 g/kg/day of carbohydrate is considered to be sufficient to prevent the formation of ketone bodies or the baby from becoming hypoglycemic.

The amount of fat should be such as to guarantee intake of essential fatty acids - linoleic and linoleic. Recently, it has been established that long-chain fatty acids are necessary for the normal development of the child.

It is considered that the optimal amount of nutrients (carbohydrates and fats) supplies half of the energy needed by the infant from carbohydrates and the other half from fats. A similar ratio between the amount of nutrients and the volume of delivered energy is found in breast milk.

The need for protein is also higher, and its balance in terms of all essential amino acids is particularly important. The standard for essential amino acids is the protein in breast milk. Modern infant milk contains protein from specially processed cow's milk or soy protein with the addition of methionine, an amino acid particularly important for growth processes. Soy milk is intended for infants with milk protein intolerance. They contain added sucrose and glucose, but not lactose, because intolerance to milk sugar is often a complication of milk allergy.

 

The digestibility of protein in infant formulas is high and close to that of breast milk. It is believed that with adequate protein intake, a healthy newborn is not at risk of insufficient intake of most vitamins and minerals. The most common nutritional deficiency at this age is iron deficiency, especially after 6 months of age because milk is a low-iron food. Mother's milk has advantages in this regard, from which, regardless of the low iron content, it has better absorption. In the first months of life for naturally fed children, it is recommended that the only liquid be the mother's breast milk. Water requirements in infancy are approximately 100 ml/kg/day.After 6 months of age, children have more mature digestive and excretory systems, and motor activity also increases. A gradual introduction of non-dairy foods is required. In breastfed children, the volume of mother's milk decreases after the first 4-6 months and cannot adequately satisfy the increased nutritional needs. Feeding with new foods is initially done in small quantities, and gradually, over 3-4 days, one whole food intake is replaced. Feeding trials began with grain-based foods (cereals fortified with iron), vegetables, fruits, meat, and eggs. At a certain moment, the child is fed only one food, so that possible causes of allergic reactions can be detected if they occur.Feeding with new foods is initially done in small quantities, and gradually, over 3-4 days, one whole food intake is replaced. Feeding trials began with grain-based foods (cereals fortified with iron), vegetables, fruits, meat, and eggs. At a certain moment, the child is fed only one food, so that possible causes of allergic reactions can be detected if they occur. Feeding with new foods is initially done in small quantities, and gradually, over 3-4 days, one whole food intake is replaced. Feeding trials began with grain-based foods (cereals fortified with iron), vegetables, fruits, meat, and eggs. At a certain moment, the child is fed only one food, so that possible causes of allergic reactions can be detected if they occur.

 

Specially produced foods for early childhood have the advantages - of suitable consistency, enriched with some vitamins and iron, and low content of cooking salt. After reaching 1 year, children eat 5 times a day with three main meals and two snacks. The transition period ends after teething and getting used to solid food. At this age, a lasting relationship has been established between the excessive consumption of refined sugar and the occurrence of dental caries. The additional sweetening of milk, tea, and excessive use of sugar in creams and snacks is not recommended. Early feeding with cow's milk is not appropriate. It is also included - sour, not fresh, only after 9 months of age.It contains a higher amount of protein, and sodium and thus burdens the immature excretory system. The early inclusion of cow's milk can cause allergic reactions, a manifestation of intolerance to milk sugar, and also lead to iron-deficiency anemia. Proper nutrition in the first year of life is particularly important for the individual because there is evidence of its relationship with some diseases in adulthood: obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. Adequacy and variety are what should characterize nutrition after 1 year, so as to guarantee an optimal rate of growth and development. A healthy child eats the usual family food. In any more special case, consultation with a specialist is required.because there is evidence of its relationship with some diseases in adulthood: obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. Adequacy and variety are what should characterize nutrition after 1 year, so as to guarantee an optimal rate of growth and development. A healthy child eats the usual family food. In any more special case, consultation with a specialist is required. because there is evidence of its relationship with some diseases in adulthood: obesity, hypertension, and diabetes. Adequacy and variety are what should characterize nutrition after 1 year, so as to guarantee an optimal rate of growth and development. A healthy child eats the usual family food. In any more special case, consultation with a specialist is required.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PREMIUM CHAPTERS ▼

feeding of infants and children up to 1 year old (PREMIUM)

 

diet and power supply for 1 month.

breastfeeding - 1-2 weeks; 7 times, in 3 hours: 6-9-12-15-18-21-24 hours

night breaks of 6 hours

on the 21st day include vitamin D 1000 E /1 drop/ in 1 tsp. expressed breast milk.

 

2-4 months

a period of 9 hours without feeding should be provided.

6 times breastfeeding in 3 hours, last - at 9 pm

from the beginning of the 3rd month - fruit juice/apples, carrots/ 1 tsp. up to 2 times 50 milliliters/day

from the beginning of the 4th month - instead of juice, you can homogenized fruit puree, as a supplement to the milk feeding

 

5th month. power supply.

5 times, during 3.5 hours

of feeding - replacing 1 meal with a more consistent non-dairy food. it starts no earlier than 13 weeks and no later than 6 months.

risk of early feeding is allergy, obesity. with late feeding there is a risk of anemia, hypotrophy, rickets.

at 16 weeks - breastfeeding at 12 o'clock is replaced with vegetable puree - up to 150 milliliters, starting with 1-2 tbsp. so he can get used to the taste.

after 15 days - strained boiled yolk - 1/4 to 1/2 every other day to the puree.

at 1 pm meat and vegetable puree, every other day.

4:30 p.m. - milk-fruit sour, 160 ml

later alternating with milk-flour porridge, semolina, banana porridge.

if the child does not want to eat the puree - cereal porridge can be given.

 

7th month

9:30 a.m. popara with breadcrumbs, butter, cheese with water, at the beginning - pureed

1 p.m. - homemade meat puree with 1 strained yolk, every other day. cow's milk can be added to the lunch puree.

 

8 months

, 50 ml of broth is added to the midday meal, before the puree or the meat-vegetable puree; it can be alternated with soup with meat and breadcrumbs.

 

10-12 months

4 feedings every 4 hours, until the end of the first year breastfeeds in the morning and in the evening, the food is given with a spoon, the child is fed with "transitional food" and is gradually weaned. the amount of food is

1-number of months-0 milliliters. at 4 months, he is given 140 ml of vegetable puree...

when feeding - every day the new food is increased by a few spoons, first the new food is given, and then he is breastfed /within 1 week/

 

 

 

 

Natural feeding

Mixed feeding

Artificial feeding

6 hours - breast milk

9 hours - breast milk

12 hours - breast milk 15 hours - breast

milk

18 hours - breast milk 21 hours - breast

milk

24 hours - breast milk

In addition to breast milk, formula is also given

Only formula is given

 

 

Feeding the infant during the second and third months of his life (PREMIUM)

 

There is no particular change in the diet except that it is recommended to increase the night rest.

In the middle of the second month, you can give the baby vegetable or fruit juice, starting with one teaspoon and only one type of fruit or vegetable, gradually increasing the amount, but not more than 40 milliliters (8 teaspoons) per day . It is always given after a meal or between meals. The initial juices are recommended to be prepared from carrots or apples, mixed juices can also be given, but only after the infant has taken each of them separately.

Juices with a laxative effect, which are recommended to be avoided during the first 2-3 months - these are from prunes, tomatoes, oranges, pears.

Juices with a burning effect are made from blackcurrants, sour cherries, lemons, carrots.

During this period, nectars are not recommended, but only juices, freshly prepared from the grated fruit or vegetable, which is filtered through boiled cheesecloth. They are not sweetened.

 

 

Natural feeding

Mixed feeding

Artificial feeding

6 hours - breast milk 9 hours - breast

milk + 10-20 ml of fruit juice

12 hours - breast milk 15 hours - breast

milk + 10-20 ml of fruit juice

18 hours - breast milk 21 hours - breast

milk

24 hours - breast milk

After breast milk, formula is also given

. formula only

 

Feeding the baby from 3 to 6 months (PREMIUM)

 

During this period of the baby's life, breast milk becomes insufficient in terms of iron and vitamin C. The need for non-dairy foods (nutrition) appears, and the adaptation to them is slow and gradual.

When giving a new food to a baby for the first time, it needs to be the only different thing on his menu. The amount should be very small (one or two teaspoons), watching for the appearance of allergic reactions (skin rashes, intestinal upset with mucus and streaks of blood, sneezing, coughing). Allergic symptoms can appear immediately, or maybe after 4-5 days after giving the food.

A mandatory condition when introducing new food is that the child is healthy.

The offer of ready-made foods on the market is varied and tailored to the requirements for food, but it should be borne in mind that pure fruit and vegetable puree cannot replace a whole meal, they can be used to prepare milk-fruit sour or they give like nectar.

For children over 5 months of age, meat purees are also available. It is recommended to give meat purees to the child from 6-7 months of age every other day.

Cereal-fruit-milk porridges can also be included in the baby's menu.

In the 5th month, an egg yolk is given for the first time: at the beginning, 1/4 twice a week, gradually increasing to 3 times a week, and after some time, every other day again, 1/4.

It is typical for 6 months that mashed meat is added to the vegetable puree for the first time. The amount of yolk is also increased by 1/2.

 

 

Natural feeding

Mixed feeding

Artificial feeding

6 hours - breast milk 9 hours - breast

milk + 25-30 ml of fruit juice or nectar

12 hours - breast milk. Feeding with puree at the end of the month

15h - breast milk + 25-30 ml of fruit juice

18h - breast milk

21h - breast milk

Lack of breast milk in the corresponding hours of natural feeding is added with the corresponding necessary amount of formula milk. Fruit juice intake and feeding are the same as natural feeding

Only formula is given. Fruit juice intake and nutrition are the same as natural feeding

The amount of food taken for the day should be about 170 ml per kilogram of the infant's weight for the day.

 

 

6h - breast milk or formula

10h - breast milk or formula + 30 ml fruit juice or nectar

13.30h - vegetable puree + 1/4 yolk every other day

17h - fruit porridge (sour) + 30 ml fruit juice or nectar

20.30h - breast milk or formula

 

The amount of food taken for the day can be increased by about 50 ml daily.

 

 

6h - breast milk or formula

10h - breast milk or formula + 50 ml fruit juice or nectar

13.30h - vegetable puree with meat every other day

(vegetable puree without meat + 1/2 egg yolk every other day)

17h - fruit-milk porridge +50 ml fruit juice or nectar

20.30 - breast milk or formula

 

Feeding the baby from 7 to 9 months (PREMIUM)

 

During this month, another breast feeding is replaced by food. This may be the morning breast-feeding, gradually being replaced by butter and cheese popara. If the child has difficulty swallowing it, it can be pureed and diluted. The cheese must be desalted before preparing the popara.

Since during this period the child already has his first teeth, grated or crushed fruit can be prepared instead of juice.

Infants on mixed and formula feeding can take undiluted fermented milk from the 7th month, it may be sweetened.

In the 8th and 9th months, there is no particular change in the diet.

The yolk can be given whole every other day.

 

 

6:30 a.m. - breast milk (adapted or fermented milk, sweetened with 5% sugar)

10 a.m. - popara with cheese and butter + 50 ml of fruit juice or grated fruit

1:30 p.m. - every other day vegetable + 1/2 yolk and every other day meat puree

5 p.m. - fruit porridge (sour) + 50 ml fruit juice or grated fruit

20.30h - breast milk (adapted or fermented milk, sweetened with 5% sugar)

 

The amount of food should be 200 ml for each meal or daily he should take about 1000 ml.

 

 

6:30 a.m. - breast milk (adapted milk, undiluted fermented milk, sweetened with 5% sugar)

10 a.m. - popara with cheese and butter + 50 ml of fruit juice or grated fruit

1:30 p.m. - 30-40 ml of broth before the puree

- every other day vegetable + 1 yolk and every other day meat puree

17:00 - fruit porridge (sour) + 50 ml of fruit juice or grated fruit

20:30 - breast milk (adapted or fermented milk, sweetened with 5% sugar)

 

The amount of food should be 200 ml for each meal or daily he should take about 1000 ml + broth.

 

Feeding the baby from 9 to 12 months (PREMIUM)

 

In the 9th month, the number of breastfeedings decreases by one more - usually the evening, and the child is given sweetened fermented milk with half to 1 biscuit. And breastfeeding remains only in the morning, thus preparing the child for weaning.

 

 

6:30 p.m. - breast milk (adapted milk, fermented milk)

10 a.m. - popara + 50 ml fruit juice, nectar, grated fruit

1:30 p.m. - 30-40 ml broth (or soup)

- meat or vegetable puree + a few spoons of transitional food ''

17:00 - milk porridge or soft breakfast (muffin, cake)

- 50 ml of fruit juice, nectar or grated fruit

20:00 - breast milk (adapted, fermented milk)

 

 

8h - soup with butter and cheese -

50 ml fruit juice, nectar, grated fruit

12h - 30-40 ml broth or soup

- main course with minced meat

- mashed or grated fruit

16h - milk porridge or soft breakfast (bun, cake)

- 50 ml fruit juice, puree, nectar

20h - sweetened fermented milk with 1 biscuit (milk)

 

During the 12th month, the diet remains at 4 meals every 4 hours.

Breastfeeding in the evening is completely stopped.

The child's food should be grated, finely chopped, crushed, as he cannot chew well yet.

 

 

Additives approved for use in infant formula, processed cereal-based formula and infant formula (PREMIUM)

 

Milk for infants and young children, cereal-based foods and baby foods intended for infants and young children may contain gum arabic (E 414) and silicon dioxide (E 551) as a result of their presence in nutrients added to food in amounts of no more than 150 g / kg for E 414 and 10 g / kg of E 551, as well as mannitol (E 421) when it is a carrier of vitamin B12 (1 part of vitamin B12 to 1000 parts of mannitol). The presence of E 414 in the ready-to-eat product must not be more than 10 mg / kg .

 

Milk for infants and young children, cereal-based foods and baby foods intended for infants and young children may contain sodium starch octenyl succinate (E 1450) as a result of the addition of vitamin mixtures or polyunsaturated fatty acids. The residue of E 1450 in the ready-to- eat product must not be more than 100 mg / kg for mixtures of vitamin preparations and 1000 mg / kg for mixtures of polyunsaturated fatty acids.

 

Milk for infants and young children, cereal-based foods and baby foods intended for infants and young children may contain Sodium L -ascorbate (E 301) in levels - Kn, in the coatings of nutritional supplements containing polyunsaturated fatty acids. No more than 75 mg / l of E 301 should be contained in ready-to-eat foods. The maximum use levels indicated refer to ready-to-eat foods prepared according to the manufacturer's instructions.

 

Nutrients in infant formula (PREMIUM)

 

The values ​​specified in the appendix refer to the ready-to-use product, sold as such or reconstituted according to the manufacturer's instructions.

1. ENERGY

Minimum

Maximum

250 kJ/100 ml

295 kJ/100 ml

(60 kcal/100 ml)

(70 kcal/100 ml)

 

2. WHITES

 

(Protein content = nitrogen content x 6.25)

2.1. Infant foods made from cow's milk proteins

Minimum (1)

Maximum

0.45 g/100 kJ

0.7 g/100 kJ

(1.8 g/100 kcal)

(3 g/100 kcal)

(*1) Infant foods produced from cow's milk proteins, with a protein content between the minimum amount and 0.5 g/100 kJ (2 g/100 kcal) should be in accordance with Art. 3, para. 2.

To ensure equal energy value, infant formula must contain an amount of each essential and semi-essential amino acid at least equal to the amount contained in the reference protein (breast milk as defined in Annex

No. 2). However, when calculating methionine and cystine concentrations can be added together if the methionine : cystine ratio is not greater than 2, and phenylalanine and tyrosine concentrations can be added together if the tyrosine : phenylalanine ratio is not greater of 2. The ratio of methionine : cystine may be greater than 2 but shall not exceed 3, provided that the suitability of the product for special infant nutritional purposes has been demonstrated by appropriate studies carried out in accordance with generally accepted expert guidance on the preparation and the conduct of such research.

2.2. Infant foods made from protein hydrolysates

Minimum (1)

Maximum

0.45 g/100 kJ

0.7 g/100 kJ

(1.8 g/100 kcal)

(3 g/100 kcal)

(*1) Foods for infants produced from protein hydrolysates, with a protein content between the minimum amount and 0.56 g/100 kJ (2.25 g/100 kcal) meet the requirements of Art. 3, para. 3.

To ensure equal energy value, infant formula should contain an amount of each essential and semi-essential amino acid at least equal to the amount contained in the reference protein. However, when calculating methionine and cystine concentrations can be added together if the methionine : cystine ratio is not greater than 2, and phenylalanine and tyrosine concentrations can be added together if the tyrosine : phenylalanine ratio is not greater of 2. The methionine : cystine ratio may be greater than 2 but shall not exceed 3, provided that the suitability of the product for special infant nutritional purposes has been demonstrated by appropriate studies carried out in accordance with generally accepted expert guidance on the preparation and conduct of such studies.

The L-carnitine content must be no less than 0.3 mg/100 kJ (1.2 mg/100 kcal).

2.3. Infant foods made from soy protein isolates alone or in a mixture of cow's milk proteins

Minimum

Maximum

0.56 g/100 kJ

0.7 g/100 kJ

(2.25 g/100 kcal)

(3 g/100 kcal)

Only soy protein isolates are used to produce these infant foods.

To ensure equal energy value, infant formula must contain an amount of each essential and semi-essential amino acid at least equal to the amount contained in the reference protein (mother's milk as defined in Annex No. 2). However, when calculating methionine and cystine concentrations can be added together if the methionine : cystine ratio is not greater than 2, and phenylalanine and tyrosine concentrations can be added together if the tyrosine : phenylalanine ratio is not greater of 2. The methionine : cystine ratio may be greater than 2 but must not exceed 3, provided that the suitability of the product for special infant nutritional purposes has been demonstrated by appropriate studies,

The L-carnitine content must be no less than 0.3 mg/100 kJ (1.2 mg/100 kcal).

2.4. In all cases, the addition of amino acids to infant foods is done solely for the purpose of improving the nutritional value of the proteins and only in the proportions necessary for this purpose.

 

3. TAURINE

 

In case it is added to infant formula, the amount of taurine should not exceed 2.9 mg/100 kJ (12 mg/100 kcal).

 

4. HOLLIN

Minimum

Maximum

1.7 mg/100 kJ

12 mg/100 kJ

(7 mg/100 kcal)

(50 mg/100 kcal)



5. LIPIDS

Minimum

Maximum

1.05 g/100 kJ

1.4 g/100 kJ

(4.4 g/100 kcal)

(6.0 g/100 kcal)

5.1. The use of the following substances is prohibited:

a) sesame oil;

b) cottonseed oil.

5.2. Lauric acid and myristic acid



Minimum

Maximum

-

individually or together: 20 percent of the total fat content

5.3. The content of trans fatty acids should not exceed 3 percent of the total fat content.

5.4. The erucic acid content should not exceed 1 percent of the total fat content.

5.5. Linoleic acid (in the form of glycerides = linoleates):

Minimum

Maximum

70 mg/100 kJ

285 mg/100 kJ

(300 mg/100 kcal)

(1200 mg/100 kcal)

5.6. The content of alpha-linolenic acid must be not less than 12 mg/100 kJ (50 mg/100 kcal).

The linoleic:alpha-linolenic acid ratio should be no less than 5 and no greater than 15.

5.7. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (PLFAs) (with 20 and 22 carbon atoms) can be added. In this case, their content should not exceed:

a) 1 percent of the total fat content for n-3 long-chain PNMK, and

b) 2 percent of the total fat content for n-6 long-chain PNMK (1 percent of the total fat content for arachidonic acid (20 : 4 n-6).

The content of eicosapentaenoic acid (20 : 5 n-3) must not exceed the content of docosahexaenoic acid (22 : 6 n-3).

The content of docosahexaenoic acid (22 : 6 n-3) should not exceed the content of n-6 long-chain PNMK.

 

 

 

6. PHOSPHOLIPIDS

 

The amount of phospholipids in infant formula should not exceed 2 g/l.

 

7. INOSITOL

Minimum

Maximum

1 mg/100 kJ

10 mg/100 kJ

(4 mg/100 kcal)

(40 mg/100 kcal)



8. CARBOHYDRATES

Minimum

Maximum

2.2 g/100 kJ

3.4 g/100 kJ

(9 g/100 kcal)

(14 g/100 kcal)

8.1. Only the following carbohydrates can be used:

a) lactose;

b) maltose;

c) sucrose;

d) glucose;

e) malto-dextrins;

f) glucose syrup or dry glucose syrup;

g) pre-prepared starch, naturally gluten-free;

h) gelatinized starch, naturally gluten-free.

8.2. Lactose

Minimum

Maximum

1.1 g/100 kJ

-

(4.5 g/100 kcal)

-

 

This condition does not apply to infant formula in which soy protein isolates are more than 50 percent of the total protein content.

8.3. Sucrose

Sucrose can only be added to baby foods made from protein hydrolysates. If incorporated, the sucrose content must not exceed 20 percent of the total carbohydrate content.

8.4. Glucose

Glucose can only be added to infant formula made from protein hydrolysates. If incorporated, the glucose content must not exceed 0.5 g/100 kJ (2 g/100 kcal).

8.5. Pre-prepared starch and/or gelatinized starch

Minimum

Maximum

-

2 g/100 ml and 30 percent of the total carbohydrate content

 

 

 

9. FRUCTO-OLIGOSACCHARIDES AND GALACTO-OLIGOSACCHARIDES

 

Fructo-oligosaccharides and galacto-oligosaccharides can be added to infant formula. In these cases, their content must not exceed 0.8 g/100 ml in a combination of 90 percent oligogalactosyl-lactose and 10 percent high molecular weight oligofructosyl-sucrose.

Other combinations and maximum permissible amounts of fructo-oligosaccharides and galacto-oligosaccharides may be used in accordance with Art. 3, para. 5.

 

10. MINERAL SUBSTANCES

 

10.1. Infant foods made from cow's milk proteins or from protein hydrolysates

 

At 100 kJ

Per 100 kcal

 

minimum

maximum

minimum

maximum

Sodium (mg)

5

14

20

60

Potassium (mg)

15

38

60

160

Chloride (mg)

12

38

50

160

Calcium (mg)

12

33

50

140

Phosphorus (mg)

6

22

25

90

Magnesium (mg)

1,2

3.6

5

15

Iron (mg)

0.07

0.3

0.3

1.3

Zinc (mg)

0.12

0.36

0.5

1.5

Copper (µg)

8.4

25

35

100

Iodine (µg)

2.5

12

10

50

Selenium (µg)

0.25

2.2

1

9

Manganese (µg)

0.25

25

1

100

Fluoride (µg)

-

25

-

100

 

 

 

 

 

The ratio of calcium: phosphorus should not be less than 1 and greater than 2.

10.2. Infant foods made from soy protein isolates, alone or in admixture with cow's milk proteins.

All requirements of item 10.1 apply except for those relating to iron and phosphorus, which are as follows:



 

At 100 kJ

Per 100 kcal

 

minimum

maximum

minimum

maximum

Iron (mg)

0.12

0.5

0.45

2

Phosphorus (mg)

7.5

25

30

100

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

11. VITAMINS

 

At 100 kJ

Per 100 kcal

 

minimum

maximum

minimum

maximum

Vitamin A

 

 

 

 

(µg-RE) (1)

14

43

60

180

Vitamin D (µg) (2)

0.25

0.65

1

2.5

Thiamine (µg)

14

72

60

300

Riboflavin (µg)

19

95

80

400

Niacin (µg) (3)

72

375

300

1500

Pantothenic acid

 

 

 

 

acid (µg)

95

475

400

2000

Vitamin B6 (µg)

9

42

35

175

Biotin (µg)

0.4

1.8

1.5

7.5

Foil

 

 

 

 

acid (µg)

2.5

12

10

50

Vitamin B12 (µg)

0.025

0.12

0.1

0.5

Vitamin C (µg)

2.5

7.5

10

30

Vitamin K (µg)

1

6

4

25

Vitamin E

 

 

 

 

(µg alpha-TE) (4)

0.5/g PNMK,

1,2

0.5/g PNMK,

5

 

expressed

 

expressed

 

 

such as linoleum

 

such as linoleum

 

 

acid,

 

acid,

 

 

adjusted for

 

adjusted for

 

 

the doubles

 

the doubles

 

 

links(5),

 

links(5),

 

 

but in none

 

but in none

 

 

case

 

case

 

 

less

 

less

 

 

of 0.1 mg/ 100 digestible kJ

 

of 0.5 mg/ 100 digestible kcal

 

(1) RE = all transretinol equivalents.

(2) In the form of cholecalciferol, of which 10 mg = 400 iu vitamin D.

(3) Preformed niacin.

(4) a-TE = da-tocopherol equivalent.

(5) 0.5 mg α-TE/1 g linoleic acid (18:2 n-6); 0.75 mg α-TE/1 g α-linoleic acid (18:3 n-3); 1.0 mg α-TE/1 g arachidonic acid (20:4 n-6); 1.25 mg a-TE/1 g eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5 n-3); 1.5 mg a-TE/1 g docosahexaenoic acid (22:6 n-3).

 

12. NUCLEOTIDES

 

The following nucleotides can be inserted:

 

maximum (1)

 

(mg/100 kJ)

(mg/100 kcal)

Cytidine 5'-monophosphate

0.60

2.50

Uridine 5'-monophosphate

0.42

1.75

Adenosine 5'-monophosphate

0.36

1.50

Guanosine 5'-monophosphate

0.12

0.50

Inosine 5'-monophosphate

0.24

1.00

(1) The total concentration of nucleotides should not exceed 1.2 mg/100 kJ (5 mg/100 kcal).

 

Essential and semi-essential amino acids in breast milk

For the purposes of the regulation, essential and semi-essential amino acids in breast milk, expressed in mg/100 kJ and in mg/100 kcal, are:

 

Quantity

Quantity

 

in mg/100 kJ (1)

in mg/100 kcal

Cystine

9

38

Histidine

10

40

Isoleucine

22

90

Leucine

40

166

Lysine

27

113

Methionine

5

23

Phenylalanine

20

83

Threonine

18

77

Tryptophan

8

32

Tyrosine

18

76

Valin

21

88

(1) 1kJ = 0.239 kcal

 

 

Specification for the content, source and processing of proteins used in the manufacture of infant formula with a protein content of less than 0.56 g/100 kJ (2.25 g/100 kcal) produced from whey protein hydrolysates obtained from cow's milk proteins

 

 

 

1. Protein content

Protein content = nitrogen content x 6.25

Minimum

Maximum

0.44 g/100 kJ

0.7 g/100 kJ

(1.86 g/100 kcal)

(3 g/100 kcal)

2. Source of proteins

Demineralized sweet whey protein obtained from cow's milk after enzymatic precipitation of caseins using chymosin consisting of:

(a) 63 per cent casein-glycomacropeptide-free whey protein isolate with a minimum protein content of 95 per cent in the dry matter, a protein denaturation of less than 70 per cent and a maximum ash content of 3 per cent, and

(b) 37 per cent sweet whey protein concentrate, with a minimum protein content of 87 per cent in the dry matter, a protein denaturation of less than 70 per cent and a maximum ash content of 3.5 per cent.

3. Protein processing

 

A two-phase hydrolysis process in which a trypsin preparation obtained by high-temperature treatment (from 3 to 10 minutes at 80 - 100 °C) is used between the two phases of the hydrolysis process.

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