Author: Maryam Ayres
Time for reading: ~27
minutes
Last Updated:
August 08, 2022
Learn more information about one tablespoon in grams. In this article we'll discuss one tablespoon in grams.
Happy to be here.
i am a medical doctor, that specialize in life-style medication the use of weight-reduction plan and workout now not only prevent disorder, but to deal with and reverse it as well.
And it all surely goes lower back to my grandma. You know, I think the spark for many youngsters to need to be a doctor after they develop up is looking a grandparent get unwell or even die, however for me was watching my grandma get better.She became recognized with quit stage heart ailment.
Already had such a lot of pass surgeries, not anything extra the doctors may want to do. She was despatched home in a wheel chair to die.Crushing chest ache.
But then she heard about this man, Nathan Pritikin, one in all our early life-style medication pioneers, and what befell subsequent is truly particular in Pritikin’s biography, to speak approximately Frances , my grandma.They wheeled her within, and she or he walked out some weeks later.
She became on foot 10 miles a day, and although she was given her scientific death sentence at age 65, thanks to a healthful weight loss plan became capable of enjoy any other 31 years on earth to age 96, to keep to experience her six grandkids which includes me. So that’s why I went into medicinal drug.That’s why I exercise the kind of medicinal drug I do, lifestyle medicine.
I just need to do for your circle of relatives what Pritikin did for my family.
Gianna That’s brilliant. First query:how much fat and protein can we need day by day?
What are the first-rate assets? And how tons should athletes be eating?Well, , we don’t devour macro nutrients;
we don’t devour micro vitamins.You want Paleo junk meals, we’ll give you vegan junk meals, we’ll come up with fats loose junk meals, we’ll come up with… I mean any type of junk meals you want because it’s all about macro nutrients or it’s all about some thing specific factor, proper?
On Fruit Loops, they are able to say, “with fiber, vitamin D” with all these things, and that gives us this type of fitness halo, while in reality it must all be about food. And the purpose human beings don’t talk about meals is there’s no cash to be made within meals.In fact, deliver is going awful;
Can’t sit on the shelf like a Twinkie for a pair weeks.
And appearance, even a broccoli grower is not going to put an ad on tv for broccoli due to the fact, you recognize, they’ll just buy a competitor’s broccoli. There’s just no money to be made.You’re in no way going to look an ad on tv for candy potatoes due to the fact there’s simply no cash to be made.
That’s now not wherein the income is. The system is installation to praise just the unhealthiest however most worthwhile conduct.And so, I imply, in order that’s simply sort of falling into the food enterprise’s entice to speak of kind of this reductionist view of nutrients instead of meals.
Like What’s The Best Food, Right?
Well, carbs are jelly beans or kidney beans, lentils or lollipops.
They’re both carbs, right? I mean so fats, fat’s walnuts or lard, proper?So that’s why you may’t talk approximately it.
That’s why the enterprise wishes you to speak like that, but it in reality has to return down to is what are the healthiest foods? So like, appearance, the dairy industry can say “the calcium within dairy.” Yeah, what else is in dairy?It’s the primary supply of saturated fat on this USA.
People think like steak or some thing. No, the primary source of saturated fat is dairy, yes, the number one supply of calcium, however sure, there’s protein within red meat, yes, there’s iron in beef, proper?
But What About The Baggage That Comes Along With All Those Nutrients?
I mean as tons as Burger King says you could “have it your way,” you may’t be like, “Yeah, can i am getting the protein however keep the saturated fats, preserve the hormones, maintain the cholesterol.” I know, it’s a package— meals is a package deal deal. So the factor about that, so if you get your calcium from, , dark green leafy veggies as an alternative, then it’s like, nicely, the baggage is virtually an advantage.You get the fiber and the folate and the iron and the antioxidants—all these things lacking from kind of the dairy source.
So that’s how we think in terms of food. So in case you ask me what are the best foods that occur to have fats in them, properly, it might be nuts, seeds, avocados, due to the fact then it’s just—you just get the bonus instead of the baggage.In phrases of protein resources, every body who doesn’t realize the way to get protein on a plant-based weight loss program doesn’t recognize beans, right?
Beans, split peas, chickpeas, lentils, legumes—the protein superstars of the plant country. And then also some of the complete grains, nuts and seeds and all varieties of matters.So entire plant foods are the healthiest manner to get nearly all your vitamins, and that’s genuinely, I think, how we should consider the ones macro nutrients.
Gianna Question wide variety two:What Are Your Thoughts On Alkaline And Distilled Water, And Which Is Best For Athletes?
Most of the sort of alkaline water nonsense is just bogus, rip-off kind of stuff.
i've a video on NutritionFacts.org that goes into the technology round that. Distilled water simply kind of appears a waste of strength to me.I imply it’s the identical component with like, you recognize, kind of opposite osmosis distillation;
it’s just a very form of wasteful technique. But you could dispose of some little trace minerals, but that’s no longer genuinely the difficulty.I mean tap water is typically the most inexpensive, safest supply of ingesting water.
Gianna What about fluoride in it? Fluoride is the cause why we don’t develop antique and lose all our tooth.Gianna Should we be eating fluoride even though?
It’s not vital, but from a public health standpoint—rich human beings can go to the dentist and afford all sorts of gizmos, ultrasonic gizmos for his or her teeth—however from a public health scale, I suggest that’s how you reach impoverished populations which may not have the dental care that you have, and so when you have a dental hassle, no big deal, go to the dentist, proper? But in the event that they have a dental trouble, they could lose their enamel, which means that dropping a whole lot of their nutrients or being within continual pain.And truely from a public health viewpoint fluoridated water is—within fact, in line with the Center for Disease Control, one of the best public fitness improvements over the last century.
Gianna Question variety three: are there any recommendations or unique tips for ladies who pick to eat a plant-primarily based eating regimen whilst pregnant, and who also pick out to raise kids plant primarily based after the breast milk stage if over?When you’re consuming for 2 it’s just that much more crucial to get all the vitamins you need, and so it’s essentially all of the equal recommendation you’d deliver to each person ingesting a healthy diet, consuming a plant-based food plan.
Critically vital: vitamin B12.So there’s nutrients that aren’t made by using flora.
One’s vitamin D, that's made through animals including yourself whilst you walk outdoor; it’s the light nutrition.And the opposite one’s vitamin B12.
Not made through flora, not made by animals both; made by using little microbes that blanket the earth.So, you understand, we may want to get all the B12 we wished consuming nicely water or out of a mountain or some thing a long term in the past, but now we chlorinate our water deliver to kill off any bacteria, so we don’t have a number of B12 in our water any more.
Don’t get a whole lot of cholera both. It’s a terrific element that we stay within a pleasing sanitary global, but due to that we need to get a regular dependable supply of B12.Critically critical, in particular for pregnant ladies, but for anyone.
During pregnancy iodine’s essential, a mineral regularly lacking from prenatal vitamins, so it’s important, if you’re getting a prenatal, to make certain it has iodine. Recommended every day allowance is 150 micrograms an afternoon.
Gianna And For Children Being Raised Vegan, Do You Recommend Any Books Or Any Videos To Watch?
Is That Something That You Would Recommend To Raise Children Whole Food, Plant Based?
Should we enhance our kids healthful?I say yes, certainly, and so does the most esteemed pediatrician in human records, Benjamin Spock, inside the seventh edition of Child and Baby Care, which is like one of the exceptional-selling books ever, second only to the Bible possibly in this USA.
Where in his closing version he wrote, in his 90s before he died, advocated all children be raised with zero exposure to meat and dairy, and he did that due to the fact he could see what the grandparents were loss of life from and see this burgeoning youth weight problems epidemic. So sincerely we have to enhance our youngsters inside the healthiest possible way.That method not having them smoke cigarettes.
That way having them placed on seat belts, smoke alarms in the domestic, and an entire food, plant-based totally weight loss plan—certainly simple, easy. And even the ADA, nicely, what’s now the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, of their legit role paper says strictly plant-based diets are suitable for all ranges of the life-style, such as being pregnant and infancy and on through antique age.So certainly, we have to all be raising healthy children, and in fact, Scott Stoll is presently writing a e-book on raising vegan youngsters;
he’s got six, so he is aware of one or matters about it. Gianna ok, range four:please help provide an explanation for soy and hormones, and why both ladies and men want no longer worry it.
Soy is a misunderstood bean. All kinds of nuttiness out on the internet.If you examine the technological know-how, although, it’s truly simply sort of a first-rate clinical consensus within terms of people.
I suggest, the laboratory animal reviews, it depends in case you’re a hamster or a rat, or special lines of mice have one of a kind outcomes. When we ultimately had human data, so for example breast cancer, you can see concerns on the internet approximately, look, soy has phytoestrogens.
When You Think Of Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer, Should Women With Breast Cancer Be Eating Soy?
And so we didn’t recognize until 2004, the first research that without a doubt positioned it to the take a look at and in fact observed breast most cancers survivors, a few that ate soy and a few that didn’t, just to peer who lived longer, who had much less breast cancer recurrence. And in that statistic and within all of five experiences accomplished to date, every single one observed that girls with breast most cancers, whether estrogen receptor wonderful or negative, whether or not they have been on Tamoxifen or now not—all consistently greater survival;put all of them together, more survival, lower most cancers recurrence charge.
And so we’ve regarded that eating soy, specifically in the course of childhood, can lessen the risk of having breast cancer in the first location, however now we understand it’s associated with advanced survival as properly. So wait a 2d.How is that possible whilst it has estrogenic consequences?
Well, no, see you don’t recognize. There’s in reality two styles of estrogen receptor cells—it’s an extended scenario:alpha, beta—so essentially your own estrogen, your endogenous estrogen produced by your ovaries attaches preferentially to alpha receptors.
Soy attaches to a exclusive type of estrogen receptors. So it matters, the results of soy at the body matters on the ratio of those unique receptors and extraordinary organs of the body.And so it surely has pro-estrogen results where you want it, like inside the bones, skeleton.
It clearly reduces bone loss as compared to dairy milk, as an instance, within reports of soy milk. But it has android estrogenic effects where you want it, for instance in the breast, reducing breast cancer risk and improving breast most cancers survival.So it’s what’s called a selective estrogen receptor modulator, a elaborate term for basically the satisfactory of all worlds.
So it reduces warm flashes, anti-estrogen effect, strengthens the bones, seasoned-estrogenic effect, reduces breast most cancers danger. And so that you don’t have to consume it;all the legumes are healthy, and that i inspire humans to consume complete soy sources like edamame, immature green soybeans;
you could get frozen baggage of it, sprinkle it in your salad, a first rate preference. Tempeh, miso, these are all complete soy foods, in addition to a number of the greater processed stuff.And so you look within the medical literature, it’s clear.
We’ve got heaps of films about it. So yeah, you simply don’t believe the craziness you read at the net.Gianna And only for the males obtainable which are involved that they could develop breasts or some thing like that from soy.
Can We Help Debunk That For Men, So They Don’t Fear It As Well?
Sure.So there’s three case reviews in literature of gynecomastia with excessive soy intake.
But by excessive soy—they had been literally ingesting gallons of soy milk an afternoon, so I forget about… I think a few humans, like 40 servings of soy a day, and at that degree you may actually get enough alpha receptor interest to clearly have seasoned-estrogenic outcomes. So the response isn't always to keep away from soy, but no longer drink four gallons of soy milk an afternoon.
Gianna So Men Aren’t Going To Grow Breasts If They’re Eating Soy Here And There?
No, and actually it might be healthy. So soy intake in guys is associated with decrease prostate cancer danger, which is the number one cancer killer unique to men.Gianna good enough, query quantity five:
Can A Whole Food, Plant-Based Diet Help Heal Autoimmune Diseases Like Thyroid Issues And Colitis?
So ingesting an anti-inflammatory weight loss plan, no marvel, may be one of the high-quality nutritional remedies for inflammatory sicknesses in fashionable, together with automobile-immune sickness.So for instance, multiple sclerosis, that is an automobile-immune ailment where your body assaults your very own nerves, the unmarried nice recorded intervention—scientific, surgical, some thing, no capsules—have ever crushed out a plant-based weight loss program:
Roy Swank’s anti-MS weight loss program, so the simplest. So it’s no longer just more secure, less expensive.No, the most effective remedy ever published in the peer reviewed clinical clinical literature, a plant-based weight loss plan.
Chron’s disorder, same thing. A research out of Japan the usage of a plant-based food plan, a number of the best relapse prevention rates ever.Chron’s disease is an auto-immune inflammatory bowel ailment.
Rheumatoid arthritis, one of the maximum effective interventions for rheumatoid arthritis—whether we’re speakme about goal measures together with grip strength and inflammatory markers inside the blood stream or just in terms of satisfactory of existence for humans tormented by those illnesses. Auto-immune disorder, we simply don’t have a whole lot of true information for.We have records, so the Adventist 2 statistic found that people who consume strictly plant-based totally diets have the highest rates of what’s referred to as euthyroid thyroid, meaning everyday thyroid function, and so it is able to prevent thyroid problems.
But there’s by no means been any poll that truely put plant-primarily based diets to the test in phrases of treating thyroid disfunction, except we’re speaking about something like iodine deficiency. There’s different forms of inflammatory sicknesses that we don’t have data for, but it'd make sense if it works for some of these different car-immune illnesses, it works for those other inflammatory diseases, an anti inflammatory eating regimen would have this effect.And a part of that anti inflammatory energy is from the fiber.
You say, fiber? Who could suppose fiber?We suppose like bowel health or something.
It’s just form of an inert substance. Not at all.We can’t digest fiber, but our accurate intestine bacteria can.
We have trillions of micro organism within our gut. And we used to think that turned into just intestine health, however now we recognise that our microbiome, our friendly plants down within our colon virtually may have outcomes on our immune gadget, even our psychological health.
And What Do They Eat, What Do Our Good Bugs Eat?
They eat prebiotics, which is fiber and resistant starch discovered within abundance within best one region: complete plant meals, and some of these compounds have anti inflammatory results.They’re smash down products of fiber;
they get absorbed into your device and circulated at some stage in your body. So that’s one of the motives why plant-primarily based diets are so anti inflammatory.Gianna Number six:
What are your mind on vitamins and supplements, vegan based, either taken orally or intravenously like nutrition C drips? Well, clearly nutrition B12 is seriously critical for every person consuming a healthy weight-reduction plan, so I’d advocate 2500 micrograms of what’s known as cyanocobalamin, which is the most inexpensive supply.Once every week is all you need.
Costs much less than $5 a year. You’re going to get all the B12 you need, however severely essential from a everyday dependable supply.If you’re not getting sufficient sun… Now, in case you’re mild skinned enough and younger enough and skinny sufficient and live at a range that’s sunny enough, then getting 10, 15 minutes of mid-day sun, you’ll get all the nutrition D you want.
But it doesn’t rely how sunny it's far if you’re caught at a desk activity all day, now not getting outdoor, in which case you’d want to supplement your eating regimen with diet D, the light vitamin. I recommend 2,000 global devices of vitamin D3 a day.So, I mean intravenous vitamin C has been used as a cancer remedy, going back to the 1970s with Linus Pauling’s work.
It turned into due to the fact—interesting—kind of debunked through Mayo Clinic, in which they gave humans an entire bunch of vitamin C; didn’t see the form of remarkable effects that were at the beginning visible, but they were using oral vitamin C.We used to assume, nicely, oral vitamin C is similar to intravenous diet C, but no, our frame definitely clamps down on vitamin C absorption.
At very small doses it doesn’t matter either way, you’ll absorb all of it. But as soon as your frame gets over approximately 200, 250 milligrams of nutrition C—which is ready five servings of fruits and greens really worth—your body begins clamping “that’s a bit too much.” Your frame starts clamping down on absorption, in order that they surely weren’t uncovered to the equal amount.And so i have an entire series of movies on intravenous diet C for most cancers if you’re inquisitive about that;
I inspire people to test it out. Gianna Should we be cooking cru—your favored—need to we be cooking cruciferous vegetables, like steaming broccoli, or is blending uncooked kale within a smoothie powerful sufficient, and is it terrible for the thyroid to eat them uncooked? Oh, my God.We must consume cruciferous vegetables within whichever way receives us to consume the most of them.
You like uncooked broccoli? Eat raw broccoli.You like steamed broccoli?
Eat steamed. Whichever way gets you to devour the most.In truth cruciferous greens are one in every of my Daily Dozen.
It’s a loose app on iPhone, Android: “ ’s Daily Dozen.” I communicate approximately all of the foods I encourage human beings to get and in shape into their daily routine.So, you already know, vegetables every day are the healthies greens, beans each day, berries every day are the healthiest end result.
A tablespoon of floor flaxseeds, a quarter teaspoon of floor turmeric. You recognize, the first-class beverage, the fine sweeteners, how an awful lot exercise to get—simply to sort of inspire human beings to try to in shape some of the healthies of healthful ingredients into the weight loss program.And one of these packing containers I inspire human beings to tick off each day, you’re not going to match—you’re not going to test off the day except you get some form of cruciferous greens, which is ready a 1/2 cup of cooked cruciferous veggies, about a cup of uncooked.
And so that’s like kale, collards, bok choy, and Brussels sprouts, and collard veggies, a lot of these first-rate vegetables. And so essentially but you get them for your eating regimen, the better.During the summertime, green smoothies are a fantastic cross-to manner to get veggies in your breakfast.
And I type of break a few white beans within my oatmeal just to get my legumes, were given to check the ones off. But, yeah, placed them within a smoothie, placed them everywhere;so long as you’re getting greens, that’s the maximum crucial issue.
Now you could overdo, I mean you can overdo raw cruciferous veggies that have this so known as goitrogenic compounds which can be found within masses of wholesome foods, not only broccoli, but additionally flaxseeds and a number of different healthful things. But the reply isn't to keep away from these absolutely wholesome meals;it’s simply to get sufficient iodine because these goitrogenic compounds just intrude with the uptake of iodine, that's the thyroid gland.
So if you’re really marginally no longer getting enough iodine, then consuming a variety of broccoli and cruciferous can in reality affect your degrees. So the answer, you just make certain you’re getting a supply of iodine;the healthiest one is sea veggies, so that you like munch on those seaweed snacks, and then similar to darkish green leafies as a snack.
Ah! I mean the extra approaches you may get them into your weight loss program, the higher.There became this famous case within the New England Journal of Medicine, a lady who—I forget about, it turned into like literally hundreds of pounds of uncooked bok choy, she was on a few loopy weight-reduction plan, and in fact did run into thyroid troubles, so 1000 kilos… adequate, but… Gianna It’s like the soy.
…I inspire humans, proper. And look, we’re speaking approximately meals with medicinal effects.I suggest we have to assume like if you may consume as a whole lot—I mean if there’s a limiteless quantity of something that you can be uncovered to, probably doesn’t have plenty “uumph” to it, proper?
But the fact that, look, no, a number of those foods could have powerful consequences on our biology, so no wonder that there’s a sure stage which you need to stay through, however luckily they’re all easily within any type of normal culinary dose. Gianna Number eight:is sprouting nuts, seeds, grains and beans better for digestion?
If so, why? Oh, properly, see, a part of the purpose that human beings soak or sprout nuts is to get rid of the phytates.So there has been this concept, based totally on stories on puppies returned in the ‘50s, that phytates were mineral inhibitors.
And so the way you could cast off the phytates, you soak nuts otherwise you sprout nuts to dispose of the phytates, and you then’d maximize your calcium absorption and different critical minerals. But we now realize now not handiest is that not the case, however phytates are really healthful for you, sincerely useful effects of phytates, so we ought to surely attempt to get as a lot phytates in our eating regimen as viable, and the way we do this is by means of consuming our nuts un-sprouted, ingesting our nuts un-soaked.And so, yeah, I encourage humans to eat uncooked nuts, seeds, and seed butters.
The reason we’d alternatively no longer roast them is because of the formation of AGE’s, Advanced Glycation End products, which are these glycotoxins associated with elevated hazard of kidney disorder and Alzheimer’s and elevated ageing and all kinds of actually awful things. And it’s shaped whilst excessive fat, excessive protein meals are uncovered to extremely high heat, dry heat.And so almost all AGE publicity is meat—so like barbequed hot puppies, so barbequed, grilling, grilled bird, that form of aspect—extraordinarily high.
So if you observe it, while plant foods have nearly not anything no matter what you do—I mean you could grill a bell pepper and also you’re not going to offer a trouble, but there are uncommon plant meals that are high within protein results, inclusive of nuts, which include soy. So we should really, ideally should now not—like Cajun blackened tofu, no longer an amazing concept on a regular foundation because of those a long time.So that’s why we without a doubt shouldn’t roast our nuts.
Gianna And Why Do You Recommend Nut Butters As Opposed To Just The Whole Nut?
Oh, simply entire nuts are better due to the fact you truely chew all the way down to little debris—no matter how properly you chunk, you typically best fracture all the way down to approximately 2 mm, which is a thousand times large than the particles found in nut butters.And the reason that’s vital is because the ones mobile partitions and people little cubes, which comprise masses of lots of intact walls, sincerely defend all the nutrients interior from absorption in your small intestine, and that creates a bounty for our intestine flora.
So when we devour just acellular ingredients, powders like flour merchandise, even if it’s 100% whole wheat flour—so if we devour 100% whole wheat flour bread or pasta or some thing, we’re getting all the vitamins; they didn’t cast off the fiber, but all the vitamins are out, uncovered to be absorbed.They get absorbed in the small gut, leaving little or no for our intestine flowers at the give up.
Whereas if you consume entire intact grains or whole beans, then there may be virtually these little clumps of food that’s leftover for our excellent bacteria, and that improves our intestine fitness and improves our microbiome. Gianna i like it.Since a lot of our soil is depleted of minerals, where are we able to get tremendous resources of minerals?
So that’s some scammy hint mineral vendor speak. Somebody ought to observe crop nutrient decline during the last half century, perhaps 15%.So people seeking to sell you mineral supplements will make this, will say, oh, our crops are depleted, just because they’re looking to promote you something.
We can surely look at the stats; the USDA tracks vitamins within the soil going again for a century:15% decrement.
So that means, adequate, in place of five florets of broccoli, now you need to consume six florets of broccoli instead of a half century in the past. Fine, devour six florets of broccoli.There’s no need to take mineral supplements.
Gianna adequate. Number ten: For folks who say everybody’s different, so we all require unique diets.Yeah.
Gianna What is your advice on this, and does a whole food, plant-primarily based food plan help us stay longer, healthier lives, absolutely everyone? So, it’s now not like—like at a zoo, there’s a gorilla diet and there’s a lemur food regimen.It’s now not like, oh, you’re lemur #12, so that you get some crazy weight loss program.
No, there’s a diet that’s clearly tuned to our biology. We developed for thousands and thousands of years.So we broke from our ultimate tremendous ape ancestors approximately 20 million years ago.
So for the first 90% of our evolution until approximately 2 million years ago we ate what our fellow high-quality apes ate, which is largely veggies and fruit. We were a plant-based weight loss program, nearly completely plant-based totally weight loss program, and handiest within the final 10% of our evolution did we begin understanding how to make equipment and hunting, and so forth.And so our biology is tuned to consuming whole food, plant primarily based—so no wonder that the equal sort of weight loss program that reverses heart disease, the number one killer of males and females, is the identical diet that also reverses diabetes, and the identical weight loss plan that reverses excessive blood stress.
And So A Kidney Healthy Diet, Is A Liver Healthy Diet, Is A Brain Healthy Diet, Right?
And all of it makes experience because, appearance, the anti inflammatory diet is a diet that helps your arteries anywhere during your frame.I suggest, appearance, if that’s all a plant-based totally food regimen should do, reverse the number one killer of women and men, shouldn’t that be form of the default eating regimen till verified otherwise?
In truth that it may also prevent or reverse different leading killers could appear to make the case for plant-based totally ingesting clearly overwhelming. Gianna We have one bonus question.Bonus!
What do ya’ got?Gianna What Is The Most Effective Way To Help People Convert To Being Plant Based?
So I suppose sharing sources with them.
So from time to time it’s tough; human beings placed up their defenses when someone tries—while all people comes to us with a few new concept that conflicts with what we believe, there’s simply this type of herbal reaction to sort of need to maintain on.That’s why sharing type of 1/3-birthday party sources:
“Here’s a remarkable documentary, here’s a exceptional internet site, here’s a splendid book,” and then they can type of take it in on themselves, and then type of the incentive comes from within in preference to feeling someone’s attempting to inform them to do something. So that’s certainly one of my favourite methods.And share outstanding food!
They have this experience that, oh, yeah, it doesn’t matter how—will I stay that lengthy or simply feel like I lived that long? But no, it’s certainly the nice of each worlds.Some of the yummiest, like berries, right?
Wait a 2d. Tastes remarkable and also you get to live longer?That’s what plant-based consuming is all about Gianna Thanks for tuning within, Love, Giana, and… [silence].
You have to mention, “ .” I didn’t understand my line. Where’s my cue card?