Author: Victoria Aly
Time for reading: ~27
minutes
Last Updated:
August 08, 2022
Learn more information about sunshine vitamin. In this article we'll discuss sunshine vitamin.
Happy to be here.
i am a physician, that specialize in life-style medicine using food regimen and exercise now not best save you disorder, but to treat and reverse it as properly.
And it all surely goes back to my grandma. You know, I suppose the spark for lots children to need to be a medical doctor after they grow up is looking a grandparent get ill or maybe die, however for me was watching my grandma get higher.She changed into identified with stop degree coronary heart disease.
Already had so many pass surgical procedures, nothing greater the doctors ought to do. She become sent home within a wheel chair to die.Crushing chest pain.
But then she heard approximately this man, Nathan Pritikin, one among our early life-style medication pioneers, and what came about next is sincerely detailed in Pritikin’s biography, to talk approximately Frances , my grandma.They wheeled her within, and she or he walked out a few weeks later.
She turned into on foot 10 miles an afternoon, and though she become given her clinical demise sentence at age 65, thanks to a healthful food plan turned into able to enjoy some other 31 years on earth to age 96, to keep to enjoy her six grandkids inclusive of me. So that’s why I went into medicinal drug.That’s why I practice the form of medication I do, way of life medicinal drug.
I simply want to do for your family what Pritikin did for my family.
Gianna That’s extremely good. First question:how a good deal fats and protein will we want every day?
What are the quality resources? And how a whole lot must athletes be consuming?Well, , we don’t eat macro vitamins;
we don’t consume micro vitamins.You want Paleo junk food, we’ll come up with vegan junk food, we’ll give you fats free junk meals, we’ll give you… I imply any type of junk food you want as it’s all about macro nutrients or it’s all about some thing particular factor, right?
On Fruit Loops, they are able to say, “with fiber, vitamin D” with all these items, and that gives us this type of health halo, whilst within reality it need to all be about food. And the purpose humans don’t speak about food is there’s no cash to be made in meals.In fact, produce goes terrible;
Can’t sit down on the shelf like a Twinkie for a pair weeks.
And look, even a broccoli grower isn't always going to place an advert on television for broccoli due to the fact, you know, they’ll just buy a competitor’s broccoli. There’s simply no cash to be made.You’re in no way going to see an advert on tv for candy potatoes due to the fact there’s just no cash to be made.
That’s not in which the profit is. The machine is set up to praise simply the unhealthiest however maximum profitable behavior.And so, I suggest, so that’s just sort of falling into the food industry’s lure to talk of sort of this reductionist view of nutrients rather than food.
Like What’s The Best Food, Right?
Well, carbs are jelly beans or kidney beans, lentils or lollipops.
They’re each carbs, proper? I mean so fats, fats’s walnuts or lard, proper?So that’s why you may’t speak about it.
That’s why the enterprise wants you to speak like that, but it genuinely has to return right down to is what are the healthiest ingredients? So like, appearance, the dairy enterprise can say “the calcium within dairy.” Yeah, you recognize what else is in dairy?It’s the primary source of saturated fat on this us of a.
People think like steak or some thing. No, the number one source of saturated fat is dairy, yes, the primary source of calcium, but sure, there’s protein within pork, yes, there’s iron in red meat, proper?
But What About The Baggage That Comes Along With All Those Nutrients?
I imply as plenty as Burger King says you may “have it your way,” you can’t be like, “Yeah, can i get the protein however hold the saturated fats, maintain the hormones, preserve the cholesterol.” I know, it’s a package deal— meals is a package deal. So the component approximately that, so in case you get your calcium from, you already know, dark green leafy greens as an alternative, then it’s like, well, the luggage is honestly a bonus.You get the fiber and the folate and the iron and the antioxidants—all these things missing from form of the dairy source.
So that’s how we suppose in phrases of meals. So in case you ask me what are the satisfactory ingredients that manifest to have fats within them, well, it might be nuts, seeds, avocados, because then it’s just—you just get the bonus instead of the bags.In terms of protein sources, everybody who doesn’t realize a way to get protein on a plant-primarily based food plan doesn’t realize beans, proper?
Beans, split peas, chickpeas, lentils, legumes—the protein superstars of the plant state. And then also some of the complete grains, nuts and seeds and all forms of matters.So whole plant ingredients are the healthiest manner to get almost all of your nutrients, and that’s actually, I think, how we have to reflect onconsideration on those macro vitamins.
Gianna Question quantity two:What Are Your Thoughts On Alkaline And Distilled Water, And Which Is Best For Athletes?
Most of the form of alkaline water nonsense is simply bogus, rip-off form of stuff.
i've a video on NutritionFacts.org that is going into the science around that. Distilled water just type of appears a waste of electricity to me.I mean it’s the same issue with like, you know, type of reverse osmosis distillation;
it’s simply a completely kind of wasteful system. But you could put off some little trace minerals, however that’s now not surely the difficulty.I imply tap water is generally the most inexpensive, most secure supply of consuming water.
Gianna What about fluoride in it? Fluoride is the cause why we don’t grow vintage and lose all our tooth.Gianna Should we be consuming fluoride although?
It’s now not vital, but from a public fitness standpoint—wealthy human beings can visit the dentist and afford all forms of gizmos, ultrasonic gizmos for their teeth—however from a public fitness scale, I suggest that’s the way you attain impoverished populations which might not have the dental care which you have, and so if you have a dental trouble, no big deal, go to the dentist, right? But if they have a dental problem, they could lose their teeth, because of this losing a whole lot of their vitamins or being within continual ache.And honestly from a public fitness standpoint fluoridated water is—within truth, in step with the Center for Disease Control, one of the best public fitness innovations during the last century.
Gianna Question quantity three: are there any tips or special guidelines for girls who pick out to consume a plant-based totally weight loss plan while pregnant, and who also select to elevate youngsters plant based totally after the breast milk stage if over?When you’re ingesting for two it’s just that rather more critical to get all the vitamins you want, and so it’s essentially all of the same recommendation you’d give to every person consuming a healthful weight loss program, consuming a plant-based eating regimen.
Critically critical: vitamin B12.So there’s two vitamins that aren’t made by vegetation.
One’s diet D, which is made by animals such as yourself when you stroll outdoor; it’s the sunshine diet.And the alternative one’s nutrition B12.
Not made by means of flowers, now not made by way of animals either; made by way of little microbes that blanket the earth.So, you realize, we could get all of the B12 we needed ingesting properly water or out of a mountain or something a long time ago, but now we chlorinate our water deliver to kill off any bacteria, so we don’t have a whole lot of B12 in our water any extra.
Don’t get a number of cholera both. It’s a great issue that we live within a pleasing sanitary world, however because of that we need to get a normal dependable supply of B12.Critically critical, especially for pregnant ladies, however for all of us.
During pregnancy iodine’s vital, a mineral frequently missing from prenatal vitamins, so it’s crucial, if you’re getting a prenatal, to make certain it has iodine. Recommended every day allowance is 150 micrograms an afternoon.
Gianna And For Children Being Raised Vegan, Do You Recommend Any Books Or Any Videos To Watch?
Is That Something That You Would Recommend To Raise Children Whole Food, Plant Based?
Should we enhance our kids wholesome?I say sure, indeed, and so does the maximum esteemed pediatrician within human history, Benjamin Spock, within the 7th version of Child and Baby Care, that is like one of the quality-promoting books ever, 2nd only to the Bible possibly on this U.S.A.
Where in his last edition he wrote, in his 90s earlier than he died, advocated all kids be raised with zero exposure to meat and dairy, and he did that due to the fact he should see what the grandparents had been dying from and spot this burgeoning childhood weight problems epidemic. So really we ought to enhance our youngsters within the healthiest feasible manner.That means now not having them smoke cigarettes.
That approach having them put on seat belts, smoke alarms in the domestic, and a whole food, plant-based food regimen—really primary, simple. And even the ADA, nicely, what’s now the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, in their reputable role paper says strictly plant-primarily based diets are suitable for all stages of the life-style, such as pregnancy and infancy and on through old age.So clearly, we need to all be elevating healthful kids, and in reality, Scott Stoll is currently writing a e book on elevating vegan youngsters;
he’s were given six, so he is aware of one or two matters about it. Gianna ok, variety four:please help give an explanation for soy and hormones, and why each women and men want now not fear it.
Soy is a misunderstood bean. All varieties of nuttiness out at the net.If you observe the science, although, it’s really simply kind of a extraordinary medical consensus within phrases of humans.
I suggest, the laboratory animal reports, it depends in case you’re a hamster or a rat, or one-of-a-kind strains of mice have special results. When we eventually had human information, so for instance breast most cancers, you may see worries at the internet approximately, look, soy has phytoestrogens.
When You Think Of Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer, Should Women With Breast Cancer Be Eating Soy?
And so we didn’t know until 2004, the primary research that clearly placed it to the test and in reality observed breast most cancers survivors, some that ate soy and some that didn’t, simply to look who lived longer, who had much less breast cancer recurrence. And in that statistic and within all of five experiences accomplished to this point, every unmarried one located that women with breast cancer, whether or not estrogen receptor tremendous or terrible, whether they had been on Tamoxifen or now not—all consistently extra survival;positioned all of them together, extra survival, decrease most cancers recurrence charge.
And so we’ve acknowledged that ingesting soy, in particular in the course of formative years, can lessen the risk of getting breast cancer in the first vicinity, but now we realize it’s associated with improved survival as nicely. So wait a 2d.How is that feasible whilst it has estrogenic results?
Well, no, see you don’t understand. There’s definitely varieties of estrogen receptor cells—it’s an extended story:alpha, beta—so basically your very own estrogen, your endogenous estrogen produced by means of your ovaries attaches preferentially to alpha receptors.
Soy attaches to a special form of estrogen receptors. So it topics, the consequences of soy at the frame subjects at the ratio of those distinctive receptors and one of a kind organs of the body.And so it actually has pro-estrogen effects where you want it, like in the bones, skeleton.
It truly reduces bone loss as compared to dairy milk, as an instance, within studies of soy milk. But it has android estrogenic results where you want it, for example in the breast, decreasing breast cancer danger and enhancing breast most cancers survival.So it’s what’s known as a selective estrogen receptor modulator, a flowery term for essentially the exceptional of all worlds.
So it reduces hot flashes, anti-estrogen impact, strengthens the bones, seasoned-estrogenic effect, reduces breast cancer danger. And so that you don’t need to devour it;all of the legumes are healthy, and that i encourage people to devour complete soy sources like edamame, immature inexperienced soybeans;
you may get frozen baggage of it, sprinkle it on your salad, a extraordinary choice. Tempeh, miso, those are all entire soy ingredients, as well as some of the more processed stuff.And so you appearance inside the medical literature, it’s clean.
We’ve got tons of videos about it. So yeah, you simply don’t accept as true with the craziness you examine on the net.Gianna And just for the males obtainable which are worried that they may grow breasts or some thing like that from soy.
Can We Help Debunk That For Men, So They Don’t Fear It As Well?
Sure.So there’s three case reviews within literature of gynecomastia with immoderate soy consumption.
But by using immoderate soy—they had been literally consuming gallons of soy milk a day, so I forget about… I suppose a few humans, like 40 servings of soy a day, and at that level you can truely get sufficient alpha receptor pastime to without a doubt have pro-estrogenic effects. So the option isn't to keep away from soy, but not drink four gallons of soy milk a day.
Gianna So Men Aren’t Going To Grow Breasts If They’re Eating Soy Here And There?
No, and actually it might be healthy. So soy consumption within guys is related to lower prostate cancer hazard, which is the primary most cancers killer specific to men.Gianna adequate, query number five:
Can A Whole Food, Plant-Based Diet Help Heal Autoimmune Diseases Like Thyroid Issues And Colitis?
So eating an anti inflammatory diet, no marvel, may be one of the satisfactory dietary treatments for inflammatory illnesses in general, which include auto-immune sickness.So for example, a couple of sclerosis, that is an car-immune ailment where your body assaults your personal nerves, the single nice recorded intervention—medical, surgical, anything, no drugs—have ever overwhelmed out a plant-based weight loss program:
Roy Swank’s anti-MS food regimen, so the simplest. So it’s no longer simply more secure, inexpensive.No, the best remedy ever posted inside the peer reviewed medical clinical literature, a plant-based weight-reduction plan.
Chron’s disease, equal factor. A poll out of Japan the usage of a plant-primarily based food plan, a number of the fine relapse prevention shares ever.Chron’s sickness is an vehicle-immune inflammatory bowel disorder.
Rheumatoid arthritis, one of the most powerful interventions for rheumatoid arthritis—whether or not we’re speakme about goal measures along with grip strength and inflammatory markers in the blood move or just in phrases of high-quality of lifestyles for people stricken by these illnesses. Auto-immune sickness, we just don’t have quite a few suitable information for.We have facts, so the Adventist 2 study discovered that people who eat strictly plant-primarily based diets have the best rates of what’s referred to as euthyroid thyroid, which means ordinary thyroid function, and so it could save you thyroid problems.
But there’s never been any research that without a doubt placed plant-based diets to the test within terms of treating thyroid disfunction, except we’re talking approximately some thing like iodine deficiency. There’s different types of inflammatory diseases that we don’t have facts for, but it would make experience if it works for these kinds of other car-immune diseases, it really works for those other inflammatory sicknesses, an anti-inflammatory weight loss plan could have this impact.And a part of that anti-inflammatory energy is from the fiber.
You say, fiber? Who would think fiber?We think like bowel health or some thing.
It’s just sort of an inert substance. Not in any respect.We can’t digest fiber, but our precise intestine micro organism can.
We have trillions of bacteria in our intestine. And we used to assume that become just intestine fitness, however now we recognise that our microbiome, our friendly flowers down within our colon honestly may have results on our immune device, even our psychological fitness.
And What Do They Eat, What Do Our Good Bugs Eat?
They consume prebiotics, which is fiber and resistant starch found in abundance in only one region: whole plant foods, and a number of those compounds have anti-inflammatory results.They’re spoil down merchandise of fiber;
they get absorbed into your gadget and circulated throughout your frame. So that’s one of the motives why plant-based totally diets are so anti-inflammatory.Gianna Number six:
What are your thoughts on vitamins and dietary supplements, vegan based totally, either taken orally or intravenously like diet C drips? Well, genuinely vitamin B12 is critically essential for every person ingesting a healthful weight loss program, so I’d propose 2500 micrograms of what’s called cyanocobalamin, that is the cheapest supply.Once a week is all you want.
Costs much less than $5 a 12 months. You’re going to get all of the B12 you need, but critically vital from a everyday dependable source.If you’re not getting sufficient sun… Now, if you’re light skinned enough and young enough and skinny enough and live at a range that’s sunny sufficient, then getting 10, 15 mins of mid-day sun, you’ll get all the vitamin D you need.
But it doesn’t rely how sunny it's far in case you’re stuck at a desk process all day, no longer getting out of doors, wherein case you’d need to complement your weight loss program with nutrition D, the light diet. I advise 2,000 international units of vitamin D3 a day.So, I suggest intravenous diet C has been used as a cancer remedy, going lower back to the 1970s with Linus Pauling’s paintings.
It become on the grounds that—thrilling—form of debunked by means of Mayo Clinic, in which they gave human beings a whole bunch of diet C; didn’t see the sort of mind-blowing consequences that were at the start seen, however they had been the use of oral vitamin C.We used to think, properly, oral nutrition C is similar to intravenous vitamin C, but no, our frame definitely clamps down on nutrition C absorption.
At very small doses it doesn’t rely both manner, you’ll soak up all of it. But once your body receives over about 200, 250 milligrams of diet C—which is ready five servings of end result and vegetables really worth—your frame starts offevolved clamping “that’s a little an excessive amount of.” Your body begins clamping down on absorption, in order that they really weren’t uncovered to the same amount.And so i've a whole shows of movies on intravenous diet C for cancer in case you’re inquisitive about that;
I inspire human beings to check it out. Gianna Should we be cooking cru—your favored—ought to we be cooking cruciferous greens, like steaming broccoli, or is mixing raw kale in a smoothie powerful enough, and is it terrible for the thyroid to consume them uncooked? Oh, my God.We have to eat cruciferous veggies within whichever manner receives us to consume the maximum of them.
You like uncooked broccoli? Eat uncooked broccoli.You like steamed broccoli?
Eat steamed. Whichever manner gets you to eat the most.In fact cruciferous vegetables are one in every of my Daily Dozen.
It’s a loose app on iPhone, Android: “ ’s Daily Dozen.” I speak about all the ingredients I encourage human beings to get and in shape into their daily habitual.So, , vegetables each day are the healthies veggies, beans each day, berries each day are the healthiest culmination.
A tablespoon of floor flaxseeds, 1 / 4 teaspoon of floor turmeric. You understand, the high-quality beverage, the nice sweeteners, how a great deal exercise to get—just to type of inspire human beings to try and in shape a number of the healthies of healthful meals into the weight loss plan.And one of these containers I inspire people to tick off every day, you’re now not going to suit—you’re now not going to check off the day until you get some form of cruciferous greens, which is ready a half cup of cooked cruciferous vegetables, about a cup of raw.
And in order that’s like kale, collards, bok choy, and Brussels sprouts, and collard vegetables, all these incredible veggies. And so essentially but you get them to your food regimen, the better.During the summertime, green smoothies are a splendid go-to manner to get greens in your breakfast.
And I form of ruin a few white beans in my oatmeal just to get my legumes, were given to test the ones off. But, yeah, placed them in a smoothie, positioned them everywhere;as long as you’re getting greens, that’s the most crucial thing.
Now you may overdo, I suggest you may overdo raw cruciferous vegetables which have this so called goitrogenic compounds that are discovered within masses of wholesome ingredients, now not simplest broccoli, but also flaxseeds and some of other healthful things. But the answer isn't to avoid those simply wholesome ingredients;it’s simply to get sufficient iodine because those goitrogenic compounds just intervene with the uptake of iodine, which is the thyroid gland.
So in case you’re genuinely marginally not getting enough iodine, then consuming loads of broccoli and cruciferous can simply affect your levels. So the response, you simply ensure you’re getting a supply of iodine;the healthiest one is sea veggies, so you like munch on the ones seaweed snacks, and then just like dark inexperienced leafies as a snack.
Ah! I imply the extra approaches you can get them into your weight loss plan, the higher.There turned into this well-known case in the New England Journal of Medicine, a lady who—I forget about, it turned into like literally lots of pounds of uncooked bok choy, she turned into on a few loopy weight loss program, and in reality did run into thyroid problems, so 1000 kilos… adequate, however… Gianna It’s just like the soy.
…I encourage humans, right. And look, we’re talking about foods with medicinal effects.I suggest we should anticipate like if you may eat as tons—I imply if there’s an unlimited amount of something that you can be uncovered to, likely doesn’t have a whole lot “uumph” to it, proper?
But the reality that, look, no, a number of these foods can have effective effects on our biology, so no wonder that there’s a certain stage which you need to stay through, but fortuitously they’re all easily within any sort of typical culinary dose. Gianna Number eight:is sprouting nuts, seeds, grains and beans higher for digestion?
If so, why? Oh, properly, see, a part of the reason that human beings soak or sprout nuts is to eliminate the phytates.So there was this thought, primarily based on reports on dogs lower back within the ‘50s, that phytates were mineral inhibitors.
And so the way you can do away with the phytates, you soak nuts otherwise you sprout nuts to take away the phytates, and then you definately’d maximize your calcium absorption and different crucial minerals. But we now know now not only is that not the case, but phytates are sincerely wholesome for you, in reality beneficial consequences of phytates, so we have to sincerely try to get as a whole lot phytates within our diet as feasible, and the way we do this is by consuming our nuts un-sprouted, eating our nuts un-soaked.And so, yeah, I encourage humans to devour uncooked nuts, seeds, and seed butters.
The motive we’d as a substitute no longer roast them is because of the formation of AGE’s, Advanced Glycation End products, which might be those glycotoxins associated with extended risk of kidney ailment and Alzheimer’s and improved ageing and every kind of really horrific things. And it’s shaped whilst high fats, high protein foods are exposed to extremely high warmth, dry warmth.And so almost all AGE exposure is meat—so like barbequed hot puppies, so barbequed, grilling, grilled bird, that sort of factor—extremely high.
So if you study it, whereas plant ingredients have nearly nothing regardless of what you do—I mean you can grill a bell pepper and you’re now not going to offer a trouble, but there are uncommon plant meals which are excessive within protein outcomes, including nuts, together with soy. So we have to in reality, ideally ought to no longer—like Cajun blackened tofu, no longer a great concept on a ordinary foundation because of these a long time.So that’s why we honestly shouldn’t roast our nuts.
Gianna And Why Do You Recommend Nut Butters As Opposed To Just The Whole Nut?
Oh, absolutely entire nuts are higher because you honestly chew down to little debris—no matter how well you bite, you commonly only fracture right down to approximately 2 mm, that is one thousand instances large than the particles found in nut butters.And the reason that’s critical is due to the fact the ones cell partitions and those little cubes, which comprise hundreds of hundreds of intact walls, simply guard all of the vitamins inside from absorption in your small intestine, and that creates a bounty for our gut flowers.
So when we eat simply acellular meals, powders like flour products, even though it’s 100% whole wheat flour—so if we devour 100% whole wheat flour bread or pasta or something, we’re getting all of the nutrients; they didn’t remove the fiber, but all of the nutrients are out, exposed to be absorbed.They get absorbed in the small intestine, leaving very little for our intestine plants on the end.
Whereas in case you eat whole intact grains or whole beans, then there's actually those little clumps of meals that’s leftover for our proper micro organism, and that improves our intestine fitness and improves our microbiome. Gianna i love it.Since a lot of our soil is depleted of minerals, in which can we get high-quality sources of minerals?
So that’s a few scammy trace mineral dealer talk. Somebody ought to observe crop nutrient decline over the last half century, maybe 15%.So human beings seeking to promote you mineral supplements will make this, will say, oh, our plants are depleted, simply because they’re trying to sell you some thing.
We can virtually study the information; the USDA tracks nutrients within the soil going returned for a century:15% decrement.
So that means, ok, instead of five florets of broccoli, now you need to consume six florets of broccoli instead of a half century in the past. Fine, devour six florets of broccoli.There’s no want to take mineral supplements.
Gianna ok. Number ten: For people who say every person’s one-of-a-kind, so we all require different diets.Yeah.
Gianna What is your advice on this, and does an entire food, plant-primarily based weight-reduction plan assist us live longer, more healthy lives, absolutely everyone? So, it’s not like—like at a zoo, there’s a gorilla weight loss plan and there’s a lemur eating regimen.It’s not like, oh, you’re lemur #12, so that you get some loopy food regimen.
No, there’s a eating regimen that’s obviously tuned to our biology. We developed for hundreds of thousands of years.So we broke from our remaining super ape ancestors about 20 million years ago.
So for the first 90% of our evolution till approximately 2 million years in the past we ate what our fellow notable apes ate, which is basically veggies and fruit. We have been a plant-based food plan, nearly solely plant-based totally food plan, and only within the remaining 10% of our evolution did we start knowing the way to make tools and hunting, and many others.And so our biology is tuned to consuming whole meals, plant based—so no surprise that the same form of food plan that reverses coronary heart sickness, the primary killer of ladies and men, is the same food plan that still reverses diabetes, and the same weight-reduction plan that reverses excessive blood pressure.
And So A Kidney Healthy Diet, Is A Liver Healthy Diet, Is A Brain Healthy Diet, Right?
And it all makes sense because, appearance, the anti inflammatory food regimen is a weight loss program that helps your arteries anywhere at some point of your frame.I imply, look, if that’s all a plant-based totally weight loss program could do, opposite the number one killer of males and females, shouldn’t that be sort of the default food regimen until confirmed otherwise?
In fact that it can also prevent or reverse different main killers could appear to make the case for plant-based totally ingesting without a doubt overwhelming. Gianna We have one bonus query.Bonus!
What do ya’ were given?Gianna What Is The Most Effective Way To Help People Convert To Being Plant Based?
So I assume sharing sources with them.
So on occasion it’s tough; people positioned up their defenses while a person attempts—whilst everybody comes to us with a few new concept that conflicts with what we consider, there’s just this type of natural response to form of want to keep on.That’s why sharing sort of 1/3-party assets:
“Here’s a exceptional documentary, here’s a excellent website, right here’s a terrific e-book,” and then they can kind of take it within on themselves, after which sort of the incentive comes from within as opposed to feeling a person’s trying to tell them to do something. So that’s one in every of my preferred methods.And share exquisite food!
They have this sense that, oh, yeah, it doesn’t matter how—will I stay that long or just feel like I lived that lengthy? But no, it’s absolutely the first-class of both worlds.Some of the yummiest, like berries, proper?
Wait a second. Tastes superb and you get to stay longer?That’s what plant-based totally ingesting is all about Gianna Thanks for tuning in, Love, Giana, and… [silence].
You have to say, “ .” I didn’t know my line. Where’s my cue card?