Author: Dean Rouseberg
Time for reading: ~27
minutes
Last Updated:
August 08, 2022
Learn more information about vitamin supplements for skin. In this article we'll discuss vitamin supplements for skin.
Happy to be right here.
i'm a doctor, focusing on lifestyle medication the usage of weight-reduction plan and exercising now not simplest save you sickness, but to treat and reverse it as properly.
And all of it truly goes returned to my grandma. You realize, I assume the spark for plenty children to want to be a physician after they grow up is watching a grandparent get ill or maybe die, however for me changed into watching my grandma get higher.She became recognized with end level coronary heart sickness.
Already had so many skip surgical procedures, nothing extra the docs ought to do. She changed into despatched domestic in a wheel chair to die.Crushing chest pain.
But then she heard about this man, Nathan Pritikin, one of our early life-style medicinal drug pioneers, and what occurred subsequent is surely distinct in Pritikin’s biography, to talk approximately Frances , my grandma.They wheeled her in, and she or he walked out some weeks later.
She became walking 10 miles a day, and though she became given her medical death sentence at age 65, thanks to a healthful weight loss program become capable of experience another 31 years on the earth to age 96, to maintain to experience her six grandkids such as me. So that’s why I went into medicinal drug.That’s why I exercise the sort of medication I do, life-style remedy.
I just want to do on your own family what Pritikin did for my own family.
Gianna That’s brilliant. First query:how an awful lot fats and protein do we need daily?
What are the high-quality sources? And how much should athletes be ingesting?Well, , we don’t consume macro nutrients;
we don’t devour micro vitamins.You need Paleo junk food, we’ll give you vegan junk food, we’ll come up with fats loose junk meals, we’ll come up with… I mean any form of junk food you want because it’s all about macro nutrients or it’s all about some thing specific component, proper?
On Fruit Loops, they could say, “with fiber, nutrition D” with all these things, and that offers us this form of fitness halo, whilst within fact it should all be about food. And the motive human beings don’t speak about meals is there’s no cash to be made in food.In fact, offer is going terrible;
Can’t sit on the shelf like a Twinkie for a pair weeks.
And look, even a broccoli grower isn't going to position an advert on television for broccoli due to the fact, you recognize, they’ll just purchase a competitor’s broccoli. There’s simply no cash to be made.You’re never going to peer an advert on television for candy potatoes due to the fact there’s simply no money to be made.
That’s no longer in which the earnings is. The machine is set up to praise just the unhealthiest but maximum worthwhile conduct.And so, I mean, in order that’s just kind of falling into the meals enterprise’s trap to talk of type of this reductionist view of nutrients instead of food.
Like What’s The Best Food, Right?
Well, carbs are jelly beans or kidney beans, lentils or lollipops.
They’re both carbs, proper? I mean so fat, fat’s walnuts or lard, proper?So that’s why you could’t speak approximately it.
That’s why the enterprise needs you to speak like that, however it absolutely has to come down to is what are the healthiest meals? So like, look, the dairy industry can say “the calcium in dairy.” Yeah, you realize what else is in dairy?It’s the primary source of saturated fat on this U.S.A.
People think like steak or some thing. No, the primary supply of saturated fat is dairy, sure, the primary source of calcium, but sure, there’s protein in red meat, sure, there’s iron in beef, right?
But What About The Baggage That Comes Along With All Those Nutrients?
I mean as a good deal as Burger King says you can “have it your manner,” you could’t be like, “Yeah, can i get the protein however keep the saturated fats, preserve the hormones, keep the ldl cholesterol.” I know, it’s a package deal— food is a package deal deal. So the aspect approximately that, so in case you get your calcium from, you know, dark green leafy greens alternatively, then it’s like, well, the baggage is really an advantage.You get the fiber and the folate and the iron and the antioxidants—all these things missing from kind of the dairy supply.
So that’s how we think within terms of meals. So if you inquire from me what are the quality ingredients that appear to have fat in them, properly, it might be nuts, seeds, avocados, due to the fact then it’s just—you just get the bonus as opposed to the luggage.In phrases of protein resources, every person who doesn’t recognise how to get protein on a plant-based eating regimen doesn’t understand beans, proper?
Beans, break up peas, chickpeas, lentils, legumes—the protein superstars of the plant state. And then also a number of the complete grains, nuts and seeds and all styles of matters.So complete plant ingredients are the healthiest manner to get nearly all of your nutrients, and that’s truly, I think, how we must reflect onconsideration on those macro vitamins.
Gianna Question quantity :What Are Your Thoughts On Alkaline And Distilled Water, And Which Is Best For Athletes?
Most of the sort of alkaline water nonsense is simply bogus, scam type of stuff.
i have a video on NutritionFacts.org that goes into the technology round that. Distilled water just form of seems a waste of energy to me.I imply it’s the identical component with like, you understand, kind of opposite osmosis distillation;
it’s simply a completely form of wasteful manner. But you may get rid of a few little trace minerals, however that’s now not sincerely the problem.I mean tap water is typically the most inexpensive, most secure supply of consuming water.
Gianna What about fluoride in it? Fluoride is the purpose why we don’t grow vintage and lose all our teeth.Gianna Should we be consuming fluoride although?
It’s now not vital, but from a public fitness point of view—wealthy human beings can visit the dentist and come up with the money for all types of gizmos, ultrasonic gizmos for his or her tooth—however from a public fitness scale, I suggest that’s the way you attain impoverished populations which won't have the dental care that you have, and so when you have a dental hassle, no large deal, visit the dentist, right? But in the event that they have a dental hassle, they might lose their teeth, this means that dropping a number of their nutrition or being within chronic pain.And in reality from a public fitness point of view fluoridated water is—in reality, in step with the Center for Disease Control, one of the finest public fitness improvements during the last century.
Gianna Question variety three: are there any recommendations or unique pointers for women who select to eat a plant-based totally diet whilst pregnant, and who additionally pick to elevate kids plant based totally after the breast milk degree if over?When you’re ingesting for 2 it’s just that much more essential to get all the vitamins you want, and so it’s basically all the identical recommendation you’d give to all people ingesting a healthy food regimen, ingesting a plant-primarily based eating regimen.
Critically critical: diet B12.So there’s two vitamins that aren’t made through flowers.
One’s vitamin D, that is made by using animals which include your self whilst you walk outside; it’s the light nutrition.And the other one’s diet B12.
Not made via vegetation, not made by way of animals both; made via little microbes that blanket the earth.So, , we could get all of the B12 we needed drinking nicely water or out of a mountain or something a long time ago, however now we chlorinate our water supply to kill off any micro organism, so we don’t have a whole lot of B12 within our water any greater.
Don’t get lots of cholera both. It’s a terrific component that we live within a nice sanitary international, however because of that we need to get a normal dependable supply of B12.Critically essential, specially for pregnant women, however for anybody.
During being pregnant iodine’s critical, a mineral often missing from prenatal nutrients, so it’s critical, in case you’re getting a prenatal, to make certain it has iodine. Recommended each day allowance is 150 micrograms an afternoon.
Gianna And For Children Being Raised Vegan, Do You Recommend Any Books Or Any Videos To Watch?
Is That Something That You Would Recommend To Raise Children Whole Food, Plant Based?
Should we boost our youngsters healthful?I say sure, certainly, and so does the most esteemed pediatrician within human history, Benjamin Spock, inside the 7th edition of Child and Baby Care, that's like one of the exceptional-promoting books ever, 2nd most effective to the Bible perhaps on this U.S.
Where within his final edition he wrote, in his 90s earlier than he died, endorsed all children be raised with zero exposure to meat and dairy, and he did that due to the fact he ought to see what the grandparents were loss of life from and spot this burgeoning childhood weight problems epidemic. So absolutely we need to enhance our youngsters within the healthiest feasible manner.That manner not having them smoke cigarettes.
That method having them put on seat belts, smoke alarms inside the domestic, and an entire meals, plant-based totally weight-reduction plan—without a doubt primary, easy. And even the ADA, nicely, what’s now the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, in their professional position paper says strictly plant-primarily based diets are suitable for all stages of the lifestyle, which include pregnancy and infancy and on via antique age.So definitely, we need to all be elevating wholesome children, and actually, Scott Stoll is presently writing a e book on raising vegan children;
he’s were given six, so he is aware of one or two things about it. Gianna adequate, quantity four:please help provide an explanation for soy and hormones, and why each men and women need not fear it.
Soy is a misunderstood bean. All forms of nuttiness out on the net.If you study the technology, though, it’s really simply type of a super clinical consensus in terms of people.
I mean, the laboratory animal stories, it depends in case you’re a hamster or a rat, or one-of-a-kind traces of mice have one of a kind effects. When we ultimately had human insights, so for example breast most cancers, you could see concerns on the internet about, look, soy has phytoestrogens.
When You Think Of Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer, Should Women With Breast Cancer Be Eating Soy?
And so we didn’t understand until 2004, the primary poll that truely positioned it to the check and in fact observed breast cancer survivors, some that ate soy and some that didn’t, simply to peer who lived longer, who had much less breast most cancers recurrence. And in that study and within all of five reports finished thus far, each unmarried one located that ladies with breast most cancers, whether or not estrogen receptor fine or terrible, whether they were on Tamoxifen or now not—all constantly extra survival;put all of them together, greater survival, decrease most cancers recurrence fee.
And so we’ve recognized that ingesting soy, specially in the course of childhood, can reduce the risk of getting breast most cancers within the first place, however now we understand it’s associated with advanced survival as well. So wait a 2d.How is that possible while it has estrogenic outcomes?
Well, no, see you don’t understand. There’s really forms of estrogen receptor cells—it’s a long story:alpha, beta—so basically your very own estrogen, your endogenous estrogen produced via your ovaries attaches preferentially to alpha receptors.
Soy attaches to a specific type of estrogen receptors. So it topics, the outcomes of soy on the body matters at the ratio of those special receptors and exceptional organs of the body.And so it genuinely has seasoned-estrogen results in which you need it, like inside the bones, skeleton.
It surely reduces bone loss in comparison to dairy milk, for example, within studies of soy milk. But it has android estrogenic consequences where you need it, for example inside the breast, reducing breast most cancers hazard and improving breast most cancers survival.So it’s what’s known as a selective estrogen receptor modulator, a flowery term for basically the pleasant of all worlds.
So it reduces hot flashes, anti-estrogen effect, strengthens the bones, seasoned-estrogenic impact, reduces breast cancer threat. And so you don’t should devour it;all of the legumes are wholesome, and that i inspire humans to consume whole soy assets like edamame, immature green soybeans;
you could get frozen luggage of it, sprinkle it on your salad, a remarkable desire. Tempeh, miso, these are all entire soy ingredients, as well as some of the more processed stuff.And so you look within the clinical literature, it’s clean.
We’ve got tons of films about it. So yeah, you just don’t consider the craziness you read at the net.Gianna And only for the adult males obtainable which are concerned that they may develop breasts or some thing like that from soy.
Can We Help Debunk That For Men, So They Don’t Fear It As Well?
Sure.So there’s three case reports in literature of gynecomastia with immoderate soy intake.
But by excessive soy—they were literally consuming gallons of soy milk a day, so I forget about… I think a few human beings, like 40 servings of soy a day, and at that stage you may truly get enough alpha receptor hobby to virtually have pro-estrogenic effects. So the response is not to keep away from soy, however now not drink four gallons of soy milk a day.
Gianna So Men Aren’t Going To Grow Breasts If They’re Eating Soy Here And There?
No, and in fact it'd be healthy. So soy intake within men is related to decrease prostate most cancers threat, that's the primary most cancers killer particular to men.Gianna ok, question number five:
Can A Whole Food, Plant-Based Diet Help Heal Autoimmune Diseases Like Thyroid Issues And Colitis?
So ingesting an anti inflammatory diet, no wonder, may be one of the excellent nutritional remedies for inflammatory sicknesses within popular, such as automobile-immune ailment.So as an instance, multiple sclerosis, which is an automobile-immune disorder where your body assaults your personal nerves, the single quality recorded intervention—scientific, surgical, anything, no capsules—have ever crushed out a plant-based totally weight-reduction plan:
Roy Swank’s anti-MS eating regimen, so the only. So it’s no longer simply safer, inexpensive.No, the best treatment ever published in the peer reviewed clinical medical literature, a plant-primarily based eating regimen.
Chron’s sickness, equal factor. A statistic out of Japan using a plant-based totally food plan, a number of the exceptional relapse prevention rates ever.Chron’s sickness is an auto-immune inflammatory bowel disease.
Rheumatoid arthritis, one of the maximum effective interventions for rheumatoid arthritis—whether or not we’re speaking about objective measures consisting of grip strength and inflammatory markers in the blood movement or just in phrases of satisfactory of life for humans stricken by these illnesses. Auto-immune disease, we just don’t have a variety of proper information for.We have information, so the Adventist 2 study discovered that individuals who eat strictly plant-based totally diets have the best rates of what’s known as euthyroid thyroid, which means ordinary thyroid characteristic, and so it is able to save you thyroid troubles.
But there’s in no way been any research that absolutely placed plant-based totally diets to the take a look at within phrases of treating thyroid disfunction, until we’re talking approximately some thing like iodine deficiency. There’s different varieties of inflammatory illnesses that we don’t have facts for, however it might make experience if it works for most of these other auto-immune diseases, it works for these other inflammatory sicknesses, an anti inflammatory weight loss program could have this impact.And part of that anti inflammatory electricity is from the fiber.
You say, fiber? Who would think fiber?We suppose like bowel fitness or some thing.
It’s simply form of an inert substance. Not in any respect.We can’t digest fiber, however our properly intestine bacteria can.
We have trillions of bacteria within our gut. And we used to suppose that became just intestine fitness, however now we realize that our microbiome, our friendly plants down within our colon truly could have effects on our immune machine, even our psychological fitness.
And What Do They Eat, What Do Our Good Bugs Eat?
They devour prebiotics, that's fiber and resistant starch determined within abundance within most effective one place: whole plant foods, and some of those compounds have anti inflammatory consequences.They’re wreck down merchandise of fiber;
they get absorbed into your machine and circulated in the course of your frame. So that’s one of the motives why plant-based diets are so anti inflammatory.Gianna Number six:
What are your mind on vitamins and dietary supplements, vegan based totally, either taken orally or intravenously like diet C drips? Well, sincerely vitamin B12 is severely crucial for anybody consuming a healthful diet, so I’d advise 2500 micrograms of what’s known as cyanocobalamin, that is the most inexpensive supply.Once per week is all you want.
Costs less than $5 a year. You’re going to get all the B12 you need, however significantly important from a everyday dependable source.If you’re now not getting enough solar… Now, if you’re light skinned enough and young enough and thin enough and stay at a latitude that’s sunny sufficient, then getting 10, 15 mins of mid-day solar, you’ll get all of the vitamin D you need.
But it doesn’t count how sunny it's far in case you’re stuck at a table process all day, now not getting out of doors, in which case you’d need to supplement your food regimen with diet D, the sunshine diet. I propose 2,000 international units of diet D3 an afternoon.So, I mean intravenous nutrition C has been used as a cancer remedy, going returned to the Nineteen Seventies with Linus Pauling’s work.
It became seeing that—thrilling—sort of debunked by using Mayo Clinic, in which they gave human beings an entire bunch of nutrition C; didn’t see the sort of superb consequences that have been originally visible, but they have been using oral vitamin C.We used to assume, properly, oral nutrition C is similar to intravenous diet C, however no, our body simply clamps down on nutrition C absorption.
At very small doses it doesn’t depend either way, you’ll take in it all. But once your body receives over approximately 200, 250 milligrams of diet C—which is ready five servings of end result and greens well worth—your frame begins clamping “that’s a touch too much.” Your frame starts clamping down on absorption, so they simply weren’t uncovered to the equal amount.And so i've a whole series of movies on intravenous diet C for cancer in case you’re interested by that;
I encourage people to check it out. Gianna Should we be cooking cru—your favored—need to we be cooking cruciferous greens, like steaming broccoli, or is mixing raw kale in a smoothie powerful enough, and is it bad for the thyroid to eat them raw? Oh, my God.We must eat cruciferous vegetables within whichever way gets us to eat the most of them.
You like raw broccoli? Eat uncooked broccoli.You like steamed broccoli?
Eat steamed. Whichever manner will get you to consume the maximum.In fact cruciferous veggies are considered one of my Daily Dozen.
It’s a unfastened app on iPhone, Android: “ ’s Daily Dozen.” I speak approximately all of the ingredients I inspire people to get and fit into their day by day habitual.So, , veggies every day are the healthies vegetables, beans each day, berries each day are the healthiest culmination.
A tablespoon of floor flaxseeds, a quarter teaspoon of floor turmeric. You know, the best beverage, the great sweeteners, how an awful lot exercising to get—just to type of inspire people to attempt to in shape a number of the healthies of wholesome meals into the eating regimen.And one of those packing containers I encourage humans to tick off each day, you’re no longer going to match—you’re not going to test off the day unless you get a few shape of cruciferous veggies, which is ready a half cup of cooked cruciferous veggies, approximately a cup of uncooked.
And so that’s like kale, collards, bok choy, and Brussels sprouts, and collard greens, most of these super greens. And so basically but you get them for your weight loss plan, the higher.During the summertime, inexperienced smoothies are a incredible cross-to way to get greens in your breakfast.
And I type of wreck some white beans within my oatmeal simply to get my legumes, were given to test the ones off. But, yeah, positioned them in a smoothie, put them anywhere;so long as you’re getting veggies, that’s the maximum essential thing.
Now you may overdo, I suggest you may overdo raw cruciferous veggies that have this so known as goitrogenic compounds which can be found within plenty of healthy foods, no longer only broccoli, but also flaxseeds and a number of different healthful things. But the answer isn't to keep away from these truely wholesome ingredients;it’s simply to get enough iodine because those goitrogenic compounds just intrude with the uptake of iodine, that's the thyroid gland.
So if you’re simply marginally not getting enough iodine, then consuming quite a few broccoli and cruciferous can absolutely have an effect on your degrees. So the option, you just make sure you’re getting a supply of iodine;the healthiest one is sea vegetables, so that you like munch on the ones seaweed snacks, and then just like darkish inexperienced leafies as a snack.
Ah! I suggest the greater ways you could get them into your diet, the higher.There become this famous case inside the New England Journal of Medicine, a lady who—I overlook, it become like literally lots of kilos of uncooked bok choy, she become on some crazy food plan, and actually did run into thyroid problems, so 1000 kilos… good enough, but… Gianna It’s like the soy.
…I encourage people, proper. And appearance, we’re talking about meals with medicinal results.I imply we ought to expect like if you can devour as a lot—I suggest if there’s an unlimited amount of something that you may be uncovered to, probable doesn’t have a great deal “uumph” to it, proper?
But the fact that, look, no, a number of these ingredients can have effective results on our biology, so no marvel that there’s a sure degree which you want to stay through, however luckily they’re all effortlessly through any sort of usual culinary dose. Gianna Number eight:is sprouting nuts, seeds, grains and beans better for digestion?
If so, why? Oh, nicely, see, a part of the purpose that humans soak or sprout nuts is to eliminate the phytates.So there has been this concept, primarily based on reviews on dogs back inside the ‘50s, that phytates were mineral inhibitors.
And so the way you could remove the phytates, you soak nuts or you sprout nuts to do away with the phytates, and then you’d maximize your calcium absorption and different essential minerals. But we now recognise now not best is that now not the case, however phytates are in reality healthful for you, sincerely useful effects of phytates, so we should surely try and get as a good deal phytates in our food plan as viable, and the way we do this is with the aid of consuming our nuts un-sprouted, ingesting our nuts un-soaked.And so, yeah, I inspire people to consume uncooked nuts, seeds, and seed butters.
The purpose we’d alternatively not roast them is due to the formation of AGE’s, Advanced Glycation End products, that are these glycotoxins associated with multiplied hazard of kidney disorder and Alzheimer’s and expanded growing old and all kinds of actually terrible matters. And it’s fashioned when high fat, high protein ingredients are uncovered to extremely excessive heat, dry warmness.And so nearly all AGE publicity is meat—so like barbequed warm puppies, so barbequed, grilling, grilled chicken, that type of thing—extraordinarily high.
So in case you examine it, whereas plant meals have nearly not anything regardless of what you do—I suggest you can grill a bell pepper and you’re no longer going to deliver a hassle, but there are rare plant meals that are high in protein consequences, which include nuts, together with soy. So we need to in reality, preferably need to now not—like Cajun blackened tofu, no longer a very good concept on a normal basis due to those a long time.So that’s why we truly shouldn’t roast our nuts.
Gianna And Why Do You Recommend Nut Butters As Opposed To Just The Whole Nut?
Oh, sincerely whole nuts are higher due to the fact you really chunk down to little particles—irrespective of how nicely you chunk, you generally only fracture right down to approximately 2 mm, that's a thousand instances large than the debris determined in nut butters.And the purpose that’s vital is because those cellular walls and people little cubes, which include hundreds of lots of intact walls, absolutely defend all of the nutrients interior from absorption on your small gut, and that creates a bounty for our intestine plant life.
So whilst we consume just acellular ingredients, powders like flour products, even if it’s 100% whole wheat flour—so if we eat 100% whole wheat flour bread or pasta or some thing, we’re getting all of the vitamins; they didn’t cast off the fiber, but all of the nutrients are out, uncovered to be absorbed.They get absorbed within the small intestine, leaving little or no for our gut plants at the cease.
Whereas in case you consume entire intact grains or entire beans, then there may be really these little clumps of food that’s leftover for our right bacteria, and that improves our gut health and improves our microbiome. Gianna i like it.Since so much of our soil is depleted of minerals, in which are we able to get splendid resources of minerals?
So that’s some scammy hint mineral seller talk. Somebody have to observe crop nutrient decline over the last half century, perhaps 15%.So human beings trying to sell you mineral dietary supplements will make this, will say, oh, our vegetation are depleted, simply because they’re seeking to sell you some thing.
We can virtually have a look at the information; the USDA tracks nutrients within the soil going lower back for a century:15% decrement.
So that means, good enough, as opposed to five florets of broccoli, now you have to consume six florets of broccoli rather than a half of century ago. Fine, consume six florets of broccoli.There’s no need to take mineral dietary supplements.
Gianna ok. Number ten: For people who say absolutely everyone’s distinctive, so we all require different diets.Yeah.
Gianna What is your advice on this, and does an entire food, plant-primarily based diet assist us stay longer, healthier lives, anyone? So, it’s not like—like at a zoo, there’s a gorilla weight loss program and there’s a lemur diet.It’s no longer like, oh, you’re lemur #12, so you get some loopy weight-reduction plan.
No, there’s a weight loss plan that’s naturally tuned to our biology. We advanced for hundreds of thousands of years.So we broke from our ultimate tremendous ape ancestors approximately 20 million years in the past.
So for the primary 90% of our evolution till approximately 2 million years in the past we ate what our fellow outstanding apes ate, which is essentially greens and fruit. We had been a plant-primarily based diet, almost exclusively plant-based weight-reduction plan, and only in the last 10% of our evolution did we begin knowing a way to make equipment and hunting, and so forth.And so our biology is tuned to consuming entire meals, plant primarily based—so no wonder that the equal kind of weight-reduction plan that reverses heart sickness, the primary killer of males and females, is the identical food regimen that also reverses diabetes, and the same weight loss plan that reverses high blood strain.
And So A Kidney Healthy Diet, Is A Liver Healthy Diet, Is A Brain Healthy Diet, Right?
And it all makes sense due to the fact, look, the anti-inflammatory weight-reduction plan is a diet that enables your arteries everywhere in the course of your frame.I mean, look, if that’s all a plant-based weight-reduction plan should do, opposite the primary killer of women and men, shouldn’t that be kind of the default food regimen till demonstrated in any other case?
In fact that it could additionally prevent or opposite different main killers might seem to make the case for plant-primarily based ingesting without a doubt overwhelming. Gianna We have one bonus question.Bonus!
What do ya’ were given?Gianna What Is The Most Effective Way To Help People Convert To Being Plant Based?
So I assume sharing resources with them.
So every so often it’s difficult; people put up their defenses whilst someone tries—while every body comes to us with some new concept that conflicts with what we consider, there’s simply this type of natural response to sort of need to hold on.That’s why sharing type of 1/3-birthday celebration resources:
“Here’s a superb documentary, here’s a first rate internet site, right here’s a extremely good e book,” after which they could form of take it in on themselves, and then form of the incentive comes from through instead of feeling a person’s trying to inform them to do some thing. So that’s one in all my favourite methods.And share fantastic meals!
They have this experience that, oh, yeah, it doesn’t rely how—will I live that long or just feel like I lived that long? But no, it’s virtually the best of each worlds.Some of the yummiest, like berries, right?
Wait a 2nd. Tastes notable and you get to live longer?That’s what plant-based totally eating is all about Gianna Thanks for tuning in, Love, Giana, and… [silence].
You have to say, “ .” I didn’t realize my line. Where’s my cue card?