Author: Dean Rouseberg
Time for reading: ~27
minutes
Last Updated:
August 08, 2022
Learn more information about healthy start vitamins. In this article we'll discuss healthy start vitamins.
Happy to be right here.
i'm a physician, that specialize in lifestyle remedy the use of diet and exercise now not best prevent ailment, but to treat and reverse it as well.
And it all actually goes lower back to my grandma. You know, I suppose the spark for many kids to need to be a medical doctor after they develop up is looking a grandparent get unwell or even die, however for me become watching my grandma get higher.She changed into identified with quit level coronary heart disorder.
Already had such a lot of skip surgeries, not anything extra the doctors could do. She became despatched domestic within a wheel chair to die.Crushing chest pain.
But then she heard about this man, Nathan Pritikin, one in all our early life-style medication pioneers, and what happened next is really precise in Pritikin’s biography, to talk approximately Frances , my grandma.They wheeled her in, and he or she walked out a few weeks later.
She become on foot 10 miles a day, and even though she turned into given her scientific dying sentence at age 65, thanks to a wholesome eating regimen became capable of revel in another 31 years on the earth to age 96, to preserve to enjoy her six grandkids consisting of me. So that’s why I went into medicine.That’s why I practice the form of medicinal drug I do, life-style medicine.
I simply need to do for your family what Pritikin did for my own family.
Gianna That’s super. First query:how a great deal fat and protein do we want every day?
What are the pleasant sources? And how lots should athletes be eating?Well, , we don’t devour macro vitamins;
we don’t consume micro nutrients.You want Paleo junk meals, we’ll come up with vegan junk food, we’ll give you fats loose junk meals, we’ll come up with… I imply any kind of junk meals you need as it’s all approximately macro nutrients or it’s all approximately some thing unique thing, proper?
On Fruit Loops, they can say, “with fiber, vitamin D” with all these things, and that gives us this form of fitness halo, while within truth it must all be about meals. And the reason humans don’t speak approximately meals is there’s no money to be made within food.In truth, produce goes bad;
Can’t sit on the shelf like a Twinkie for a pair weeks.
And appearance, even a broccoli grower isn't always going to place an ad on tv for broccoli because, you already know, they’ll simply buy a competitor’s broccoli. There’s just no cash to be made.You’re by no means going to peer an advert on television for candy potatoes due to the fact there’s simply no cash to be made.
That’s no longer wherein the earnings is. The gadget is installation to reward simply the unhealthiest but maximum worthwhile conduct.And so, I suggest, in order that’s just form of falling into the food enterprise’s trap to speak of type of this reductionist view of vitamins as opposed to meals.
Like What’s The Best Food, Right?
Well, carbs are jelly beans or kidney beans, lentils or lollipops.
They’re each carbs, proper? I suggest so fats, fats’s walnuts or lard, right?So that’s why you may’t speak about it.
That’s why the enterprise desires you to talk like that, however it without a doubt has to come all the way down to is what are the healthiest ingredients? So like, look, the dairy industry can say “the calcium in dairy.” Yeah, you know what else is within dairy?It’s the primary supply of saturated fats in this United States.
People assume like steak or some thing. No, the primary supply of saturated fat is dairy, yes, the primary source of calcium, but yes, there’s protein within pork, yes, there’s iron in pork, proper?
But What About The Baggage That Comes Along With All Those Nutrients?
I suggest as a good deal as Burger King says you could “have it your manner,” you could’t be like, “Yeah, can i get the protein but preserve the saturated fats, preserve the hormones, maintain the cholesterol.” I understand, it’s a bundle— food is a package deal. So the element approximately that, so if you get your calcium from, , dark inexperienced leafy vegetables instead, then it’s like, properly, the bags is simply a bonus.You get the fiber and the folate and the iron and the antioxidants—all this stuff missing from sort of the dairy supply.
So that’s how we think within phrases of meals. So if you inquire from me what are the pleasant meals that take place to have fat in them, well, it might be nuts, seeds, avocados, because then it’s simply—you just get the bonus in place of the bags.In phrases of protein resources, every person who doesn’t understand how to get protein on a plant-based food plan doesn’t understand beans, right?
Beans, split peas, chickpeas, lentils, legumes—the protein superstars of the plant kingdom. And then also a number of the whole grains, nuts and seeds and all types of matters.So entire plant meals are the healthiest way to get nearly all of your vitamins, and that’s clearly, I assume, how we should consider those macro nutrients.
Gianna Question wide variety :What Are Your Thoughts On Alkaline And Distilled Water, And Which Is Best For Athletes?
Most of the form of alkaline water nonsense is simply bogus, rip-off sort of stuff.
i've a video on NutritionFacts.org that goes into the technology round that. Distilled water just form of seems a waste of power to me.I mean it’s the equal factor with like, you understand, sort of opposite osmosis distillation;
it’s simply a totally form of wasteful process. But you could cast off a few little trace minerals, however that’s not clearly the issue.I imply tap water is normally the cheapest, most secure supply of consuming water.
Gianna What about fluoride in it? Fluoride is the reason why we don’t grow vintage and lose all our enamel.Gianna Should we be eating fluoride though?
It’s no longer essential, but from a public fitness viewpoint—rich human beings can go to the dentist and come up with the money for all styles of gizmos, ultrasonic gizmos for their tooth—however from a public fitness scale, I mean that’s the way you attain impoverished populations which may not have the dental care that you have, and so if you have a dental hassle, no huge deal, visit the dentist, proper? But in the event that they have a dental hassle, they might lose their enamel, which means losing quite a few their nutrition or being in persistent pain.And virtually from a public health point of view fluoridated water is—in reality, according to the Center for Disease Control, one of the best public health improvements over the past century.
Gianna Question quantity three: are there any tips or special tips for women who pick to eat a plant-based totally food plan while pregnant, and who also select to elevate kids plant primarily based after the breast milk level if over?When you’re ingesting for two it’s just that much more vital to get all of the nutrients you want, and so it’s basically all the equal advice you’d give to everyone eating a healthful weight loss program, consuming a plant-primarily based diet.
Critically critical: diet B12.So there’s nutrients that aren’t made by means of plant life.
One’s vitamin D, that's made via animals including yourself while you walk outside; it’s the light vitamin.And the opposite one’s nutrition B12.
Not made through plant life, no longer made by means of animals either; made by means of little microbes that blanket the earth.So, you recognize, we should get all of the B12 we wanted consuming well water or out of a mountain or something a long time ago, but now we chlorinate our water supply to kill off any micro organism, so we don’t have loads of B12 within our water any greater.
Don’t get a number of cholera both. It’s a very good component that we live in a pleasant sanitary global, but due to that we need to get a everyday reliable supply of B12.Critically crucial, in particular for pregnant women, however for every body.
During pregnancy iodine’s important, a mineral frequently lacking from prenatal nutrients, so it’s critical, in case you’re getting a prenatal, to make sure it has iodine. Recommended every day allowance is 150 micrograms an afternoon.
Gianna And For Children Being Raised Vegan, Do You Recommend Any Books Or Any Videos To Watch?
Is That Something That You Would Recommend To Raise Children Whole Food, Plant Based?
Should we raise our children healthy?I say sure, certainly, and so does the maximum esteemed pediatrician within human history, Benjamin Spock, in the seventh edition of Child and Baby Care, that is like one of the first-rate-promoting books ever, 2nd best to the Bible perhaps in this U.S.
Where within his closing edition he wrote, in his 90s before he died, endorsed all kids be raised with zero exposure to meat and dairy, and he did that because he could see what the grandparents had been demise from and notice this burgeoning formative years obesity epidemic. So in reality we must raise our children in the healthiest viable manner.That means not having them smoke cigarettes.
That approach having them placed on seat belts, smoke alarms inside the domestic, and a whole food, plant-primarily based eating regimen—absolutely basic, simple. And even the ADA, properly, what’s now the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, in their reputable position paper says strictly plant-primarily based diets are suitable for all degrees of the lifestyle, inclusive of being pregnant and infancy and on through antique age.So in reality, we should all be elevating wholesome children, and actually, Scott Stoll is presently writing a e book on elevating vegan kids;
he’s got six, so he knows one or things about it. Gianna good enough, variety four:please help explain soy and hormones, and why each men and women want now not worry it.
Soy is a misunderstood bean. All varieties of nuttiness out on the internet.If you look at the science, even though, it’s in reality simply type of a amazing scientific consensus within phrases of human beings.
I imply, the laboratory animal experiences, it depends in case you’re a hamster or a rat, or extraordinary traces of mice have one-of-a-kind outcomes. When we eventually had human data, so for instance breast most cancers, you may see concerns at the net about, appearance, soy has phytoestrogens.
When You Think Of Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer, Should Women With Breast Cancer Be Eating Soy?
And so we didn’t recognise until 2004, the primary research that really positioned it to the take a look at and in fact followed breast most cancers survivors, some that ate soy and a few that didn’t, simply to see who lived longer, who had much less breast cancer recurrence. And in that research and within all of five experiences performed up to now, every unmarried one located that girls with breast cancer, whether estrogen receptor fine or negative, whether or not they have been on Tamoxifen or not—all consistently more survival;positioned them all collectively, greater survival, lower cancer recurrence charge.
And so we’ve recognised that consuming soy, specially at some point of adolescence, can reduce the chance of having breast most cancers inside the first location, but now we are aware of it’s associated with stepped forward survival as nicely. So wait a 2d.How is that viable while it has estrogenic outcomes?
Well, no, see you don’t recognize. There’s surely styles of estrogen receptor cells—it’s a protracted tale:alpha, beta—so essentially your personal estrogen, your endogenous estrogen produced via your ovaries attaches preferentially to alpha receptors.
Soy attaches to a distinct kind of estrogen receptors. So it subjects, the effects of soy at the body topics on the ratio of these specific receptors and distinctive organs of the frame.And so it surely has seasoned-estrogen results in which you need it, like inside the bones, skeleton.
It truely reduces bone loss as compared to dairy milk, as an instance, in studies of soy milk. But it has android estrogenic results in which you need it, for instance in the breast, reducing breast cancer threat and improving breast cancer survival.So it’s what’s called a selective estrogen receptor modulator, a flowery term for essentially the high-quality of all worlds.
So it reduces hot flashes, anti-estrogen effect, strengthens the bones, pro-estrogenic effect, reduces breast most cancers chance. And so you don’t have to consume it;all the legumes are wholesome, and i encourage humans to devour whole soy resources like edamame, immature green soybeans;
you can get frozen baggage of it, sprinkle it on your salad, a extraordinary choice. Tempeh, miso, those are all entire soy meals, in addition to some of the more processed stuff.And so that you appearance inside the scientific literature, it’s clean.
We’ve were given lots of films approximately it. So yeah, you simply don’t accept as true with the craziness you examine on the net.Gianna And just for the males accessible that are involved that they could grow breasts or something like that from soy.
Can We Help Debunk That For Men, So They Don’t Fear It As Well?
Sure.So there’s three case reviews in literature of gynecomastia with excessive soy consumption.
But by means of immoderate soy—they were actually consuming gallons of soy milk a day, so I forget about… I assume a few human beings, like 40 servings of soy a day, and at that degree you could virtually get enough alpha receptor activity to certainly have seasoned-estrogenic outcomes. So the option isn't always to keep away from soy, however not drink four gallons of soy milk an afternoon.
Gianna So Men Aren’t Going To Grow Breasts If They’re Eating Soy Here And There?
No, and actually it'd be healthy. So soy intake in men is associated with decrease prostate cancer risk, that's the number one most cancers killer particular to men.Gianna good enough, question quantity five:
Can A Whole Food, Plant-Based Diet Help Heal Autoimmune Diseases Like Thyroid Issues And Colitis?
So consuming an anti-inflammatory diet, no marvel, may be one of the nice dietary treatments for inflammatory diseases within general, including auto-immune sickness.So for instance, more than one sclerosis, that is an car-immune disease in which your body assaults your very own nerves, the single nice recorded intervention—medical, surgical, something, no pills—have ever overwhelmed out a plant-based totally food plan:
Roy Swank’s anti-MS eating regimen, so the handiest. So it’s now not simply safer, inexpensive.No, the most effective treatment ever posted within the peer reviewed medical clinical literature, a plant-based totally weight-reduction plan.
Chron’s sickness, equal aspect. A study out of Japan the use of a plant-primarily based eating regimen, some of the excellent relapse prevention shares ever.Chron’s sickness is an car-immune inflammatory bowel ailment.
Rheumatoid arthritis, one of the maximum effective interventions for rheumatoid arthritis—whether we’re speaking approximately goal measures which includes grip energy and inflammatory markers inside the blood circulate or just in terms of excellent of existence for humans affected by these sicknesses. Auto-immune disorder, we simply don’t have numerous top insights for.We have stats, so the Adventist 2 poll determined that people who consume strictly plant-primarily based diets have the very best shares of what’s known as euthyroid thyroid, that means regular thyroid feature, and so it could prevent thyroid problems.
But there’s never been any statistic that clearly positioned plant-primarily based diets to the check in phrases of treating thyroid disfunction, until we’re speaking about something like iodine deficiency. There’s other varieties of inflammatory diseases that we don’t have information for, but it might make feel if it really works for a lot of these other automobile-immune sicknesses, it really works for these other inflammatory illnesses, an anti-inflammatory weight-reduction plan would have this impact.And part of that anti inflammatory energy is from the fiber.
You say, fiber? Who could assume fiber?We suppose like bowel fitness or something.
It’s just type of an inert substance. Not in any respect.We can’t digest fiber, however our excellent gut bacteria can.
We have trillions of micro organism within our gut. And we used to assume that changed into just gut health, but now we understand that our microbiome, our friendly vegetation down in our colon definitely may have consequences on our immune system, even our mental fitness.
And What Do They Eat, What Do Our Good Bugs Eat?
They eat prebiotics, that's fiber and resistant starch determined within abundance in handiest one area: whole plant meals, and some of these compounds have anti inflammatory outcomes.They’re break down products of fiber;
they get absorbed into your machine and circulated during your body. So that’s one of the motives why plant-based diets are so anti inflammatory.Gianna Number six:
What are your thoughts on nutrients and supplements, vegan based, both taken orally or intravenously like vitamin C drips? Well, truely diet B12 is seriously crucial for everybody ingesting a healthy diet, so I’d propose 2500 micrograms of what’s called cyanocobalamin, which is the most inexpensive supply.Once every week is all you need.
Costs less than $5 a yr. You’re going to get all of the B12 you need, however severely crucial from a normal dependable supply.If you’re no longer getting enough solar… Now, in case you’re light skinned sufficient and younger sufficient and thin sufficient and stay at a range that’s sunny enough, then getting 10, 15 minutes of mid-day sun, you’ll get all of the vitamin D you want.
But it doesn’t rely how sunny it's far in case you’re caught at a desk task all day, no longer getting out of doors, in which case you’d need to complement your diet with nutrition D, the sunshine diet. I suggest 2,000 global devices of nutrition D3 a day.So, I suggest intravenous vitamin C has been used as a cancer treatment, going lower back to the 1970s with Linus Pauling’s work.
It was due to the fact that—thrilling—kind of debunked via Mayo Clinic, in which they gave humans an entire bunch of diet C; didn’t see the sort of staggering consequences that have been in the beginning seen, but they had been the use of oral vitamin C.We used to think, well, oral diet C is similar to intravenous nutrition C, but no, our body certainly clamps down on vitamin C absorption.
At very small doses it doesn’t rely both manner, you’ll take in all of it. But as soon as your body receives over about 200, 250 milligrams of vitamin C—which is ready five servings of end result and vegetables really worth—your frame starts offevolved clamping “that’s a touch too much.” Your body begins clamping down on absorption, in order that they truely weren’t uncovered to the identical amount.And so i have a whole series of films on intravenous nutrition C for cancer in case you’re inquisitive about that;
I encourage humans to test it out. Gianna Should we be cooking cru—your favorite—should we be cooking cruciferous vegetables, like steaming broccoli, or is mixing raw kale in a smoothie powerful sufficient, and is it terrible for the thyroid to consume them raw? Oh, my God.We have to devour cruciferous veggies within whichever way receives us to devour the most of them.
You like raw broccoli? Eat raw broccoli.You like steamed broccoli?
Eat steamed. Whichever way gets you to devour the maximum.In reality cruciferous vegetables are one in every of my Daily Dozen.
It’s a free app on iPhone, Android: “ ’s Daily Dozen.” I speak about all the meals I inspire human beings to get and match into their each day routine.So, you know, greens each day are the healthies vegetables, beans each day, berries each day are the healthiest end result.
A tablespoon of floor flaxseeds, a quarter teaspoon of floor turmeric. You recognize, the great beverage, the excellent sweeteners, how plenty exercising to get—simply to kind of encourage human beings to try to in shape some of the healthies of healthy ingredients into the diet.And one of those bins I inspire human beings to tick off every day, you’re now not going to suit—you’re no longer going to test off the day unless you get a few shape of cruciferous vegetables, which is about a half of cup of cooked cruciferous vegetables, approximately a cup of raw.
And so that’s like kale, collards, bok choy, and Brussels sprouts, and collard greens, a lot of these extremely good veggies. And so basically however you get them for your eating regimen, the better.During the summertime, green smoothies are a excellent cross-to manner to get greens to your breakfast.
And I kind of damage some white beans in my oatmeal just to get my legumes, were given to check those off. But, yeah, placed them in a smoothie, placed them everywhere;so long as you’re getting greens, that’s the maximum crucial thing.
Now you could overdo, I mean you may overdo raw cruciferous veggies which have this so known as goitrogenic compounds which might be located within masses of wholesome ingredients, no longer simplest broccoli, but additionally flaxseeds and some of other healthy things. But the response isn't always to keep away from those clearly healthful meals;it’s just to get sufficient iodine due to the fact those goitrogenic compounds just interfere with the uptake of iodine, that's the thyroid gland.
So in case you’re certainly marginally not getting enough iodine, then ingesting loads of broccoli and cruciferous can truly affect your stages. So the response, you just make sure you’re getting a source of iodine;the healthiest one is sea greens, so that you like munch on those seaweed snacks, after which much like dark green leafies as a snack.
Ah! I mean the more methods you can get them into your eating regimen, the better.There become this well-known case within the New England Journal of Medicine, a lady who—I overlook, it become like actually thousands of kilos of uncooked bok choy, she became on a few crazy diet, and in fact did run into thyroid troubles, so 1000 kilos… good enough, however… Gianna It’s just like the soy.
…I inspire people, proper. And look, we’re speaking about meals with medicinal results.I mean we need to anticipate like if you could devour as tons—I imply if there’s a vast amount of something that you could be exposed to, possibly doesn’t have a great deal “uumph” to it, right?
But the reality that, appearance, no, a number of these meals will have effective outcomes on our biology, so no wonder that there’s a positive level that you need to live through, however happily they’re all without problems through any form of normal culinary dose. Gianna Number eight:is sprouting nuts, seeds, grains and beans higher for digestion?
If so, why? Oh, properly, see, part of the reason that humans soak or sprout nuts is to eliminate the phytates.So there was this thought, based totally on experiences on dogs again in the ‘50s, that phytates had been mineral inhibitors.
And so the manner you could remove the phytates, you soak nuts otherwise you sprout nuts to dispose of the phytates, and then you definitely’d maximize your calcium absorption and different important minerals. But we now understand no longer most effective is that no longer the case, however phytates are genuinely healthy for you, truly beneficial effects of phytates, so we should surely try to get as a lot phytates in our eating regimen as possible, and the way we do that is via consuming our nuts un-sprouted, eating our nuts un-soaked.And so, yeah, I inspire people to consume raw nuts, seeds, and seed butters.
The reason we’d alternatively no longer roast them is due to the formation of AGE’s, Advanced Glycation End products, that are these glycotoxins related to increased threat of kidney disorder and Alzheimer’s and elevated growing older and every type of actually terrible things. And it’s fashioned when excessive fat, high protein meals are uncovered to extraordinarily high warmness, dry warmth.And so nearly all AGE exposure is meat—so like barbequed hot dogs, so barbequed, grilling, grilled chook, that form of thing—extraordinarily high.
So if you have a look at it, while plant foods have nearly nothing no matter what you do—I suggest you could grill a bell pepper and you’re now not going to produce a trouble, but there are uncommon plant meals which can be high in protein results, inclusive of nuts, which includes soy. So we have to clearly, preferably should no longer—like Cajun blackened tofu, no longer a terrific concept on a ordinary basis because of those ages.So that’s why we without a doubt shouldn’t roast our nuts.
Gianna And Why Do You Recommend Nut Butters As Opposed To Just The Whole Nut?
Oh, surely entire nuts are better due to the fact you truly chunk right down to little debris—regardless of how properly you chunk, you normally only fracture down to about 2 mm, which is a thousand instances large than the debris discovered within nut butters.And the motive that’s important is due to the fact the ones mobile partitions and those little cubes, which comprise hundreds of hundreds of intact walls, simply defend all the nutrients interior from absorption in your small intestine, and that creates a bounty for our gut vegetation.
So while we eat just acellular meals, powders like flour merchandise, despite the fact that it’s 100% whole wheat flour—so if we consume 100% whole wheat flour bread or pasta or something, we’re getting all of the nutrients; they didn’t dispose of the fiber, but all of the vitamins are out, exposed to be absorbed.They get absorbed within the small gut, leaving little or no for our gut flora on the give up.
Whereas if you eat complete intact grains or whole beans, then there is absolutely those little clumps of meals that’s leftover for our top bacteria, and that improves our intestine health and improves our microbiome. Gianna i like it.Since a lot of our soil is depleted of minerals, in which are we able to get outstanding sources of minerals?
So that’s a few scammy trace mineral dealer talk. Somebody ought to observe crop nutrient decline during the last half century, maybe 15%.So humans looking to sell you mineral dietary supplements will make this, will say, oh, our vegetation are depleted, just because they’re trying to sell you something.
We can clearly observe the insights; the USDA tracks vitamins inside the soil going lower back for a century:15% decrement.
So meaning, ok, instead of five florets of broccoli, now you have to consume six florets of broccoli instead of a half of century ago. Fine, eat six florets of broccoli.There’s no need to take mineral dietary supplements.
Gianna adequate. Number ten: For people who say everybody’s one of a kind, so we all require distinct diets.Yeah.
Gianna What is your recommendation on this, and does a whole meals, plant-primarily based eating regimen assist us live longer, more healthy lives, all people? So, it’s now not like—like at a zoo, there’s a gorilla weight loss program and there’s a lemur weight loss plan.It’s now not like, oh, you’re lemur #12, so you get a few loopy weight-reduction plan.
No, there’s a eating regimen that’s evidently tuned to our biology. We advanced for millions of years.So we broke from our closing outstanding ape ancestors about 20 million years ago.
So for the first 90% of our evolution until about 2 million years in the past we ate what our fellow amazing apes ate, which is essentially veggies and fruit. We had been a plant-based diet, nearly exclusively plant-primarily based eating regimen, and best in the ultimate 10% of our evolution did we begin knowing a way to make equipment and looking, and so on.And so our biology is tuned to eating whole meals, plant based—so no wonder that the equal type of food regimen that reverses heart sickness, the number one killer of men and women, is the identical weight-reduction plan that still reverses diabetes, and the identical diet that reverses excessive blood pressure.
And So A Kidney Healthy Diet, Is A Liver Healthy Diet, Is A Brain Healthy Diet, Right?
And all of it makes feel due to the fact, appearance, the anti inflammatory weight-reduction plan is a weight loss plan that allows your arteries everywhere throughout your frame.I suggest, look, if that’s all a plant-primarily based weight loss program may want to do, reverse the number one killer of ladies and men, shouldn’t that be sort of the default diet until verified in any other case?
In truth that it is able to also prevent or opposite different leading killers might seem to make the case for plant-based totally eating truly overwhelming. Gianna We have one bonus question.Bonus!
What do ya’ were given?Gianna What Is The Most Effective Way To Help People Convert To Being Plant Based?
So I suppose sharing assets with them.
So every now and then it’s tough; human beings placed up their defenses while a person attempts—whilst all and sundry involves us with a few new idea that conflicts with what we accept as true with, there’s simply this sort of natural response to sort of want to keep on.That’s why sharing kind of 1/3-party sources:
“Here’s a superb documentary, here’s a splendid internet site, right here’s a extremely good e book,” after which they could sort of take it in on themselves, and then kind of the motivation comes from within rather than feeling someone’s attempting to inform them to do some thing. So that’s one in all my favourite ways.And proportion extremely good food!
They have this sense that, oh, yeah, it doesn’t count number how—will I stay that lengthy or just experience like I lived that long? But no, it’s clearly the first-rate of both worlds.Some of the yummiest, like berries, proper?
Wait a 2d. Tastes amazing and also you get to stay longer?That’s what plant-based ingesting is all approximately Gianna Thanks for tuning within, Love, Giana, and… [silence].
You have to mention, “ .” I didn’t understand my line. Where’s my cue card?