Author: Ivan Red Jr.
Time for reading: ~27
minutes
Last Updated:
August 08, 2022
Learn more information about daily calcium. In this article we'll discuss daily calcium.
Happy to be here.
i'm a physician, focusing on life-style medicinal drug the usage of eating regimen and workout now not only save you disease, however to treat and opposite it as properly.
And all of it certainly is going again to my grandma. You realize, I suppose the spark for lots youngsters to want to be a medical doctor when they develop up is looking a grandparent get ill or even die, however for me become watching my grandma get higher.She turned into diagnosed with stop stage heart disorder.
Already had so many skip surgeries, not anything greater the docs ought to do. She became sent domestic in a wheel chair to die.Crushing chest pain.
But then she heard about this man, Nathan Pritikin, considered one of our early way of life remedy pioneers, and what happened next is really distinctive in Pritikin’s biography, to talk about Frances , my grandma.They wheeled her within, and she walked out a few weeks later.
She became taking walks 10 miles a day, and even though she turned into given her clinical loss of life sentence at age 65, thanks to a wholesome eating regimen turned into capable of enjoy another 31 years in the world to age 96, to maintain to experience her six grandkids along with me. So that’s why I went into medication.That’s why I practice the sort of medication I do, way of life remedy.
I just need to do on your family what Pritikin did for my family.
Gianna That’s super. First query:how a good deal fats and protein do we need every day?
What are the great assets? And how a whole lot must athletes be ingesting?Well, you recognize, we don’t consume macro vitamins;
we don’t eat micro vitamins.You want Paleo junk food, we’ll provide you with vegan junk food, we’ll provide you with fat unfastened junk food, we’ll give you… I suggest any type of junk meals you want as it’s all approximately macro nutrients or it’s all about whatever specific component, right?
On Fruit Loops, they are able to say, “with fiber, vitamin D” with all this stuff, and that offers us this type of fitness halo, whilst in reality it have to all be approximately food. And the reason people don’t talk approximately food is there’s no money to be made within meals.In truth, offer is going terrible;
Can’t sit at the shelf like a Twinkie for a couple weeks.
And look, even a broccoli grower is not going to place an advert on television for broccoli because, you realize, they’ll just purchase a competitor’s broccoli. There’s just no money to be made.You’re in no way going to peer an ad on television for candy potatoes because there’s just no money to be made.
That’s now not in which the income is. The machine is installation to reward simply the unhealthiest but maximum worthwhile conduct.And so, I mean, in order that’s just sort of falling into the food enterprise’s trap to speak of form of this reductionist view of vitamins in preference to food.
Like What’s The Best Food, Right?
Well, carbs are jelly beans or kidney beans, lentils or lollipops.
They’re each carbs, right? I mean so fats, fat’s walnuts or lard, proper?So that’s why you may’t talk approximately it.
That’s why the industry desires you to speak like that, however it virtually has to come back all the way down to is what are the healthiest foods? So like, look, the dairy enterprise can say “the calcium in dairy.” Yeah, you recognize what else is within dairy?It’s the number one source of saturated fat in this United States of America.
People assume like steak or some thing. No, the number one supply of saturated fat is dairy, sure, the primary supply of calcium, but sure, there’s protein within beef, sure, there’s iron in pork, proper?
But What About The Baggage That Comes Along With All Those Nutrients?
I suggest as a whole lot as Burger King says you could “have it your way,” you could’t be like, “Yeah, can i get the protein but keep the saturated fats, preserve the hormones, preserve the cholesterol.” I recognise, it’s a package— meals is a package deal. So the thing approximately that, so if you get your calcium from, , dark inexperienced leafy veggies as a substitute, then it’s like, properly, the luggage is in reality a bonus.You get the fiber and the folate and the iron and the antioxidants—all these things lacking from sort of the dairy source.
So that’s how we think within phrases of food. So if you inquire from me what are the high-quality meals that show up to have fats within them, nicely, it might be nuts, seeds, avocados, because then it’s just—you simply get the bonus in place of the bags.In terms of protein sources, every body who doesn’t recognise the way to get protein on a plant-based totally food regimen doesn’t understand beans, right?
Beans, break up peas, chickpeas, lentils, legumes—the protein superstars of the plant country. And then also a number of the entire grains, nuts and seeds and all varieties of things.So entire plant ingredients are the healthiest manner to get nearly all of your nutrients, and that’s certainly, I assume, how we should reflect onconsideration on the ones macro nutrients.
Gianna Question number two:What Are Your Thoughts On Alkaline And Distilled Water, And Which Is Best For Athletes?
Most of the kind of alkaline water nonsense is simply bogus, rip-off kind of stuff.
i have a video on NutritionFacts.org that goes into the technological know-how round that. Distilled water just form of seems a waste of electricity to me.I suggest it’s the same aspect with like, you realize, type of opposite osmosis distillation;
it’s simply a very sort of wasteful process. But you could remove a few little hint minerals, but that’s no longer truely the problem.I suggest faucet water is commonly the most inexpensive, most secure supply of consuming water.
Gianna What approximately fluoride within it? Fluoride is the reason why we don’t develop antique and lose all our enamel.Gianna Should we be consuming fluoride although?
It’s no longer vital, however from a public fitness standpoint—wealthy humans can go to the dentist and have enough money all kinds of gizmos, ultrasonic gizmos for their enamel—however from a public health scale, I imply that’s how you attain impoverished populations which might not have the dental care which you have, and so if you have a dental hassle, no massive deal, go to the dentist, proper? But if they have a dental trouble, they could lose their tooth, which means that losing a lot of their nutrition or being within chronic pain.And truely from a public fitness point of view fluoridated water is—in truth, in keeping with the Center for Disease Control, one of the best public health improvements during the last century.
Gianna Question range three: are there any recommendations or special suggestions for girls who choose to consume a plant-based totally eating regimen whilst pregnant, and who also pick out to elevate children plant primarily based after the breast milk level if over?When you’re eating for 2 it’s simply that much more important to get all the vitamins you need, and so it’s basically all of the equal recommendation you’d deliver to each person eating a healthful food plan, consuming a plant-based diet.
Critically important: nutrition B12.So there’s two vitamins that aren’t made by way of vegetation.
One’s nutrition D, which is made by way of animals which include yourself while you walk out of doors; it’s the light diet.And the other one’s vitamin B12.
Not made through plant life, no longer made by way of animals both; made through little microbes that blanket the earth.So, , we should get all the B12 we needed ingesting properly water or out of a mountain or something a long time in the past, but now we chlorinate our water deliver to kill off any micro organism, so we don’t have a variety of B12 in our water any greater.
Don’t get a whole lot of cholera both. It’s a great thing that we live in a pleasant sanitary global, but due to that we need to get a ordinary reliable source of B12.Critically essential, particularly for pregnant women, however for absolutely everyone.
During being pregnant iodine’s critical, a mineral frequently lacking from prenatal nutrients, so it’s crucial, in case you’re getting a prenatal, to make sure it has iodine. Recommended day by day allowance is 150 micrograms an afternoon.
Gianna And For Children Being Raised Vegan, Do You Recommend Any Books Or Any Videos To Watch?
Is That Something That You Would Recommend To Raise Children Whole Food, Plant Based?
Should we boost our kids healthy?I say sure, certainly, and so does the most esteemed pediatrician in human history, Benjamin Spock, inside the seventh edition of Child and Baby Care, that's like one of the pleasant-promoting books ever, second simplest to the Bible perhaps on this us of a.
Where in his last edition he wrote, in his 90s before he died, encouraged all kids be raised with zero exposure to meat and dairy, and he did that because he could see what the grandparents have been death from and notice this burgeoning childhood obesity epidemic. So genuinely we have to boost our kids inside the healthiest possible way.That manner now not having them smoke cigarettes.
That way having them put on seat belts, smoke alarms in the home, and an entire food, plant-primarily based eating regimen—truly fundamental, simple. And even the ADA, properly, what’s now the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, in their authentic position paper says strictly plant-primarily based diets are suitable for all levels of the lifestyle, including being pregnant and infancy and on via old age.So in reality, we should all be raising healthy kids, and in fact, Scott Stoll is presently writing a e-book on raising vegan youngsters;
he’s were given six, so he is aware of one or matters about it. Gianna ok, variety four:please help explain soy and hormones, and why both ladies and men want now not fear it.
Soy is a misunderstood bean. All kinds of nuttiness out on the net.If you have a look at the technology, though, it’s in reality just kind of a super medical consensus within phrases of humans.
I suggest, the laboratory animal studies, it depends if you’re a hamster or a rat, or unique traces of mice have different outcomes. When we ultimately had human data, so for instance breast cancer, you could see issues on the internet about, look, soy has phytoestrogens.
When You Think Of Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer, Should Women With Breast Cancer Be Eating Soy?
And so we didn’t realize till 2004, the first research that honestly put it to the test and in reality accompanied breast most cancers survivors, a few that ate soy and some that didn’t, just to look who lived longer, who had much less breast cancer recurrence. And within that poll and in all of five stories achieved thus far, each unmarried one discovered that women with breast cancer, whether estrogen receptor wonderful or terrible, whether they had been on Tamoxifen or no longer—all constantly more survival;positioned them all together, more survival, lower most cancers recurrence charge.
And so we’ve acknowledged that eating soy, in particular at some stage in early life, can reduce the risk of getting breast cancer within the first vicinity, however now we know it’s related to improved survival as properly. So wait a second.How is that viable when it has estrogenic results?
Well, no, see you don’t apprehend. There’s clearly two kinds of estrogen receptor cells—it’s a protracted scenario:alpha, beta—so essentially your personal estrogen, your endogenous estrogen produced by using your ovaries attaches preferentially to alpha receptors.
Soy attaches to a special type of estrogen receptors. So it topics, the consequences of soy on the body topics at the ratio of those different receptors and unique organs of the body.And so it virtually has seasoned-estrogen effects in which you want it, like inside the bones, skeleton.
It really reduces bone loss as compared to dairy milk, as an instance, within studies of soy milk. But it has android estrogenic outcomes where you want it, as an example within the breast, reducing breast cancer chance and enhancing breast most cancers survival.So it’s what’s referred to as a selective estrogen receptor modulator, a fancy term for basically the pleasant of all worlds.
So it reduces warm flashes, anti-estrogen impact, strengthens the bones, seasoned-estrogenic impact, reduces breast cancer threat. And so that you don’t ought to devour it;all the legumes are healthy, and i inspire people to consume whole soy resources like edamame, immature inexperienced soybeans;
you can get frozen bags of it, sprinkle it for your salad, a fantastic preference. Tempeh, miso, those are all complete soy ingredients, in addition to some of the extra processed stuff.And so you appearance in the scientific literature, it’s clean.
We’ve got heaps of videos approximately it. So yeah, you just don’t agree with the craziness you read at the internet.Gianna And only for the adult males obtainable that are involved that they may develop breasts or some thing like that from soy.
Can We Help Debunk That For Men, So They Don’t Fear It As Well?
Sure.So there’s three case reports within literature of gynecomastia with excessive soy consumption.
But via immoderate soy—they had been actually ingesting gallons of soy milk an afternoon, so I neglect… I assume a few people, like 40 servings of soy a day, and at that level you can actually get sufficient alpha receptor interest to surely have pro-estrogenic consequences. So the answer is not to avoid soy, however now not drink four gallons of soy milk an afternoon.
Gianna So Men Aren’t Going To Grow Breasts If They’re Eating Soy Here And There?
No, and in fact it'd be healthful. So soy consumption within guys is associated with decrease prostate most cancers risk, which is the number one most cancers killer specific to guys.Gianna ok, query wide variety five:
Can A Whole Food, Plant-Based Diet Help Heal Autoimmune Diseases Like Thyroid Issues And Colitis?
So consuming an anti inflammatory food plan, no surprise, can be one of the exceptional dietary treatments for inflammatory diseases in general, inclusive of vehicle-immune sickness.So for example, more than one sclerosis, which is an auto-immune disorder in which your frame attacks your personal nerves, the single high-quality recorded intervention—clinical, surgical, whatever, no pills—have ever beaten out a plant-based totally food plan:
Roy Swank’s anti-MS eating regimen, so the most effective. So it’s not just more secure, inexpensive.No, the simplest treatment ever posted inside the peer reviewed scientific medical literature, a plant-based totally weight loss plan.
Chron’s ailment, identical factor. A study out of Japan the use of a plant-based food regimen, a number of the pleasant relapse prevention rates ever.Chron’s disorder is an auto-immune inflammatory bowel ailment.
Rheumatoid arthritis, one of the maximum effective interventions for rheumatoid arthritis—whether or not we’re speaking approximately goal measures which includes grip power and inflammatory markers inside the blood flow or simply in terms of satisfactory of life for people stricken by these sicknesses. Auto-immune ailment, we simply don’t have a variety of appropriate statistics for.We have records, so the Adventist 2 poll found that folks who consume strictly plant-based totally diets have the best shares of what’s referred to as euthyroid thyroid, meaning ordinary thyroid feature, and so it is able to prevent thyroid problems.
But there’s in no way been any statistic that certainly put plant-based diets to the test in phrases of treating thyroid disfunction, until we’re talking approximately something like iodine deficiency. There’s different sorts of inflammatory sicknesses that we don’t have information for, however it would make experience if it really works for these types of other car-immune sicknesses, it works for those other inflammatory diseases, an anti-inflammatory diet would have this effect.And a part of that anti inflammatory electricity is from the fiber.
You say, fiber? Who would assume fiber?We assume like bowel health or some thing.
It’s simply kind of an inert substance. Not in any respect.We can’t digest fiber, however our precise intestine micro organism can.
We have trillions of bacteria within our gut. And we used to assume that become just intestine fitness, however now we recognize that our microbiome, our friendly flora down in our colon without a doubt can have results on our immune gadget, even our mental health.
And What Do They Eat, What Do Our Good Bugs Eat?
They consume prebiotics, which is fiber and resistant starch observed within abundance within handiest one region: complete plant meals, and a number of those compounds have anti inflammatory consequences.They’re break down merchandise of fiber;
they get absorbed into your system and circulated all through your frame. So that’s one of the reasons why plant-based totally diets are so anti inflammatory.Gianna Number six:
What are your mind on nutrients and dietary supplements, vegan based, either taken orally or intravenously like diet C drips? Well, in reality vitamin B12 is significantly crucial for every body consuming a healthful food regimen, so I’d recommend 2500 micrograms of what’s known as cyanocobalamin, that is the cheapest supply.Once a week is all you want.
Costs much less than $5 a 12 months. You’re going to get all the B12 you need, but severely essential from a ordinary dependable supply.If you’re no longer getting sufficient solar… Now, if you’re mild skinned sufficient and younger enough and thin enough and stay at a latitude that’s sunny enough, then getting 10, 15 mins of mid-day sun, you’ll get all of the vitamin D you want.
But it doesn’t count number how sunny it's far if you’re caught at a table task all day, now not getting out of doors, wherein case you’d want to supplement your diet with vitamin D, the light diet. I advocate 2,000 worldwide gadgets of vitamin D3 a day.So, I mean intravenous diet C has been used as a cancer treatment, going lower back to the 1970s with Linus Pauling’s work.
It turned into considering that—exciting—kind of debunked by way of Mayo Clinic, where they gave people a whole bunch of nutrition C; didn’t see the sort of extraordinary results that have been in the beginning visible, but they had been the use of oral nutrition C.We used to think, well, oral vitamin C is the same as intravenous diet C, but no, our body genuinely clamps down on nutrition C absorption.
At very small doses it doesn’t depend either way, you’ll absorb it all. But once your body gets over approximately 200, 250 milligrams of vitamin C—which is set five servings of fruits and vegetables worth—your frame starts clamping “that’s a touch too much.” Your body starts offevolved clamping down on absorption, in order that they truely weren’t uncovered to the same quantity.And so i've a whole shows of motion pictures on intravenous diet C for cancer if you’re interested by that;
I encourage human beings to check it out. Gianna Should we be cooking cru—your favourite—ought to we be cooking cruciferous veggies, like steaming broccoli, or is blending raw kale within a smoothie effective enough, and is it awful for the thyroid to consume them raw? Oh, my God.We need to devour cruciferous veggies within whichever way receives us to consume the most of them.
You like uncooked broccoli? Eat raw broccoli.You like steamed broccoli?
Eat steamed. Whichever manner will get you to consume the most.In reality cruciferous vegetables are one in every of my Daily Dozen.
It’s a free app on iPhone, Android: “ ’s Daily Dozen.” I communicate about all the meals I encourage human beings to get and match into their daily recurring.So, you realize, vegetables every day are the healthies greens, beans each day, berries every day are the healthiest culmination.
A tablespoon of ground flaxseeds, 1 / 4 teaspoon of ground turmeric. You recognise, the first-rate beverage, the pleasant sweeteners, how a lot exercising to get—just to type of encourage humans to try to suit some of the healthies of healthful ingredients into the diet.And one of those containers I inspire human beings to tick off each day, you’re now not going to healthy—you’re now not going to test off the day unless you get some shape of cruciferous greens, which is ready a half cup of cooked cruciferous vegetables, approximately a cup of raw.
And so that’s like kale, collards, bok choy, and Brussels sprouts, and collard veggies, a majority of these high-quality veggies. And so essentially but you get them in your food regimen, the higher.During the summertime, inexperienced smoothies are a top notch move-to way to get vegetables on your breakfast.
And I type of smash some white beans in my oatmeal simply to get my legumes, got to check those off. But, yeah, put them in a smoothie, positioned them everywhere;so long as you’re getting vegetables, that’s the maximum important aspect.
Now you may overdo, I suggest you can overdo uncooked cruciferous vegetables that have this so referred to as goitrogenic compounds which are found in lots of wholesome foods, no longer best broccoli, however also flaxseeds and some of different healthful things. But the option isn't to avoid those virtually healthy foods;it’s simply to get enough iodine because those goitrogenic compounds simply intrude with the uptake of iodine, that is the thyroid gland.
So in case you’re simply marginally no longer getting sufficient iodine, then consuming a number of broccoli and cruciferous can certainly affect your degrees. So the option, you simply ensure you’re getting a source of iodine;the healthiest one is sea veggies, so you like munch on the ones seaweed snacks, after which just like darkish inexperienced leafies as a snack.
Ah! I imply the greater ways you may get them into your diet, the better.There became this famous case inside the New England Journal of Medicine, a lady who—I neglect, it was like actually lots of kilos of raw bok choy, she was on a few loopy weight-reduction plan, and in reality did run into thyroid troubles, so 1000 kilos… good enough, however… Gianna It’s just like the soy.
…I inspire people, proper. And appearance, we’re speakme about meals with medicinal effects.I imply we should count on like if you may consume as a whole lot—I suggest if there’s an unlimited amount of something that you can be exposed to, likely doesn’t have lots “uumph” to it, right?
But the fact that, look, no, a number of these foods can have effective consequences on our biology, so no marvel that there’s a certain stage that you want to live through, however fortuitously they’re all effortlessly within any form of regular culinary dose. Gianna Number eight:is sprouting nuts, seeds, grains and beans higher for digestion?
If so, why? Oh, well, see, part of the motive that humans soak or sprout nuts is to put off the phytates.So there has been this concept, based totally on reviews on puppies lower back in the ‘50s, that phytates had been mineral inhibitors.
And so the manner you may take away the phytates, you soak nuts or you sprout nuts to cast off the phytates, and you then’d maximize your calcium absorption and other important minerals. But we now realize now not best is that now not the case, however phytates are virtually wholesome for you, genuinely beneficial consequences of phytates, so we should sincerely try to get as much phytates in our food regimen as viable, and the way we do that is by consuming our nuts un-sprouted, ingesting our nuts un-soaked.And so, yeah, I encourage humans to consume raw nuts, seeds, and seed butters.
The purpose we’d as a substitute not roast them is because of the formation of AGE’s, Advanced Glycation End products, which are those glycotoxins associated with increased hazard of kidney disorder and Alzheimer’s and increased getting old and all types of actually horrific matters. And it’s shaped whilst excessive fats, excessive protein meals are exposed to extremely high heat, dry warmness.And so nearly all AGE publicity is meat—so like barbequed warm dogs, so barbequed, grilling, grilled chicken, that type of issue—extremely high.
So in case you observe it, while plant ingredients have almost nothing irrespective of what you do—I mean you can grill a bell pepper and also you’re no longer going to produce a hassle, but there are rare plant foods which are high within protein outcomes, which include nuts, along with soy. So we need to truely, ideally need to not—like Cajun blackened tofu, not a great concept on a everyday basis because of those a while.So that’s why we certainly shouldn’t roast our nuts.
Gianna And Why Do You Recommend Nut Butters As Opposed To Just The Whole Nut?
Oh, certainly entire nuts are better due to the fact you surely chunk all the way down to little particles—irrespective of how nicely you chew, you typically only fracture right down to about 2 mm, that is one thousand times large than the debris observed in nut butters.And the reason that’s essential is because those cellular partitions and those little cubes, which include hundreds of hundreds of intact walls, virtually defend all the nutrients internal from absorption for your small gut, and that creates a bounty for our intestine flowers.
So whilst we consume simply acellular ingredients, powders like flour products, despite the fact that it’s 100% complete wheat flour—so if we consume 100% entire wheat flour bread or pasta or something, we’re getting all the vitamins; they didn’t cast off the fiber, but all the nutrients are out, uncovered to be absorbed.They get absorbed in the small gut, leaving little or no for our intestine vegetation on the end.
Whereas in case you eat entire intact grains or complete beans, then there may be sincerely these little clumps of meals that’s leftover for our properly micro organism, and that improves our gut health and improves our microbiome. Gianna i love it.Since so much of our soil is depleted of minerals, wherein can we get excellent sources of minerals?
So that’s some scammy hint mineral seller speak. Somebody need to observe crop nutrient decline over the last half of century, maybe 15%.So humans looking to sell you mineral dietary supplements will make this, will say, oh, our vegetation are depleted, just because they’re looking to sell you something.
We can certainly take a look at the information; the USDA tracks nutrients within the soil going returned for a century:15% decrement.
So meaning, good enough, in preference to five florets of broccoli, now you have to devour six florets of broccoli in preference to a half century in the past. Fine, consume six florets of broccoli.There’s no need to take mineral dietary supplements.
Gianna adequate. Number ten: For individuals who say absolutely everyone’s different, so we all require distinct diets.Yeah.
Gianna What is your advice in this, and does an entire food, plant-based totally eating regimen help us live longer, healthier lives, all and sundry? So, it’s not like—like at a zoo, there’s a gorilla food regimen and there’s a lemur weight loss plan.It’s now not like, oh, you’re lemur #12, so you get some crazy food regimen.
No, there’s a eating regimen that’s naturally tuned to our biology. We advanced for tens of millions of years.So we broke from our last great ape ancestors approximately 20 million years in the past.
So for the primary 90% of our evolution till about 2 million years ago we ate what our fellow top notch apes ate, which is essentially greens and fruit. We were a plant-based totally food regimen, nearly exclusively plant-based totally food regimen, and best inside the remaining 10% of our evolution did we begin knowing how to make gear and searching, etc.And so our biology is tuned to ingesting entire meals, plant primarily based—so no marvel that the same kind of eating regimen that reverses heart disorder, the number one killer of women and men, is the equal food plan that still reverses diabetes, and the equal food regimen that reverses high blood strain.
And So A Kidney Healthy Diet, Is A Liver Healthy Diet, Is A Brain Healthy Diet, Right?
And all of it makes sense because, look, the anti-inflammatory weight loss program is a weight loss program that helps your arteries everywhere at some point of your body.I mean, appearance, if that’s all a plant-based weight loss plan may want to do, opposite the number one killer of ladies and men, shouldn’t that be form of the default food regimen until confirmed otherwise?
In truth that it is able to additionally prevent or opposite different main killers might seem to make the case for plant-based consuming really overwhelming. Gianna We have one bonus question.Bonus!
What do ya’ got?Gianna What Is The Most Effective Way To Help People Convert To Being Plant Based?
So I think sharing sources with them.
So on occasion it’s difficult; human beings put up their defenses whilst someone attempts—while anyone involves us with some new idea that conflicts with what we consider, there’s simply this kind of natural reaction to form of want to preserve on.That’s why sharing form of 0.33-birthday celebration sources:
“Here’s a splendid documentary, here’s a exquisite website, here’s a amazing book,” after which they are able to form of take it in on themselves, after which form of the motivation comes from within instead of feeling someone’s attempting to tell them to do some thing. So that’s considered one of my favourite methods.And proportion super meals!
They have this feel that, oh, yeah, it doesn’t count how—will I stay that lengthy or simply sense like I lived that long? But no, it’s virtually the first-rate of both worlds.Some of the yummiest, like berries, right?
Wait a 2d. Tastes superb and you get to live longer?That’s what plant-based consuming is all about Gianna Thanks for tuning within, Love, Giana, and… [silence].
You have to mention, “ .” I didn’t understand my line. Where’s my cue card?