Author: Leticia Celentano
Time for reading: ~27
minutes
Last Updated:
August 08, 2022
Learn more information about dietetic foods. In this article we'll discuss dietetic foods.
Happy to be right here.
i am a medical doctor, specializing in lifestyle remedy using weight loss program and exercise now not only save you disorder, however to treat and opposite it as well.
And it all really goes again to my grandma. You know, I suppose the spark for plenty kids to need to be a health practitioner after they grow up is looking a grandparent get sick or maybe die, however for me became watching my grandma get higher.She became recognized with quit level coronary heart ailment.
Already had such a lot of pass surgical procedures, not anything greater the docs could do. She become sent home within a wheel chair to die.Crushing chest ache.
But then she heard about this guy, Nathan Pritikin, one in all our early life-style medicinal drug pioneers, and what came about next is virtually specific within Pritikin’s biography, to speak approximately Frances , my grandma.They wheeled her within, and he or she walked out some weeks later.
She become strolling 10 miles a day, and although she became given her medical dying sentence at age 65, way to a healthful diet became able to revel in any other 31 years on earth to age 96, to retain to revel in her six grandkids inclusive of me. So that’s why I went into medicine.That’s why I exercise the type of medication I do, life-style medicinal drug.
I simply need to do in your circle of relatives what Pritikin did for my own family.
Gianna That’s extraordinary. First question:how tons fats and protein can we want every day?
What are the high-quality assets? And how a great deal have to athletes be ingesting?Well, you know, we don’t consume macro nutrients;
we don’t eat micro nutrients.You need Paleo junk food, we’ll provide you with vegan junk meals, we’ll give you fats free junk food, we’ll give you… I mean any form of junk meals you want as it’s all about macro nutrients or it’s all about anything particular component, right?
On Fruit Loops, they can say, “with fiber, diet D” with all these things, and that offers us this kind of health halo, when within fact it ought to all be approximately food. And the motive people don’t speak approximately food is there’s no cash to be made within food.In fact, deliver is going horrific;
Can’t take a seat on the shelf like a Twinkie for a couple weeks.
And look, even a broccoli grower isn't going to place an advert on television for broccoli because, you understand, they’ll just buy a competitor’s broccoli. There’s simply no cash to be made.You’re never going to peer an advert on television for sweet potatoes due to the fact there’s simply no cash to be made.
That’s now not in which the earnings is. The system is installation to praise simply the unhealthiest however maximum profitable conduct.And so, I mean, so that’s simply sort of falling into the meals enterprise’s entice to talk of form of this reductionist view of vitamins in place of meals.
Like What’s The Best Food, Right?
Well, carbs are jelly beans or kidney beans, lentils or lollipops.
They’re both carbs, proper? I mean so fat, fat’s walnuts or lard, right?So that’s why you can’t speak about it.
That’s why the industry wishes you to talk like that, however it truely has to come down to is what are the healthiest meals? So like, look, the dairy enterprise can say “the calcium within dairy.” Yeah, you already know what else is within dairy?It’s the primary supply of saturated fat in this U.S.A.
People think like steak or something. No, the number one source of saturated fats is dairy, yes, the number one supply of calcium, but yes, there’s protein in pork, sure, there’s iron within red meat, right?
But What About The Baggage That Comes Along With All Those Nutrients?
I imply as plenty as Burger King says you may “have it your manner,” you can’t be like, “Yeah, can i am getting the protein however preserve the saturated fat, maintain the hormones, preserve the ldl cholesterol.” I know, it’s a bundle— meals is a package deal. So the component approximately that, so if you get your calcium from, you realize, dark inexperienced leafy vegetables alternatively, then it’s like, well, the bags is truely an advantage.You get the fiber and the folate and the iron and the antioxidants—all these items missing from form of the dairy supply.
So that’s how we assume within phrases of meals. So if you question me what are the first-class meals that occur to have fat within them, properly, it would be nuts, seeds, avocados, due to the fact then it’s simply—you just get the bonus in place of the baggage.In terms of protein assets, each person who doesn’t understand the way to get protein on a plant-primarily based diet doesn’t recognise beans, right?
Beans, break up peas, chickpeas, lentils, legumes—the protein superstars of the plant nation. And then additionally a number of the entire grains, nuts and seeds and all forms of matters.So whole plant foods are the healthiest manner to get nearly all of your vitamins, and that’s really, I think, how we must reflect onconsideration on the ones macro nutrients.
Gianna Question wide variety two:What Are Your Thoughts On Alkaline And Distilled Water, And Which Is Best For Athletes?
Most of the sort of alkaline water nonsense is simply bogus, scam sort of stuff.
i've a video on NutritionFacts.org that is going into the technology around that. Distilled water simply kind of appears a waste of strength to me.I mean it’s the same factor with like, you recognize, form of reverse osmosis distillation;
it’s just a completely sort of wasteful process. But you could remove some little trace minerals, but that’s not definitely the problem.I suggest faucet water is typically the most inexpensive, safest supply of drinking water.
Gianna What approximately fluoride in it? Fluoride is the cause why we don’t grow antique and lose all our teeth.Gianna Should we be eating fluoride even though?
It’s no longer essential, however from a public fitness point of view—wealthy people can go to the dentist and have the funds for all kinds of gizmos, ultrasonic gizmos for their teeth—but from a public health scale, I imply that’s how you attain impoverished populations which might not have the dental care which you have, and so when you have a dental problem, no huge deal, visit the dentist, proper? But in the event that they have a dental problem, they could lose their teeth, this means that losing plenty of their nutrients or being within chronic ache.And surely from a public fitness perspective fluoridated water is—within fact, in step with the Center for Disease Control, one of the best public fitness improvements over the last century.
Gianna Question wide variety three: are there any recommendations or special pointers for girls who select to eat a plant-based totally diet even as pregnant, and who also pick out to elevate children plant based after the breast milk degree if over?When you’re consuming for 2 it’s simply that much more critical to get all the nutrition you need, and so it’s essentially all of the equal recommendation you’d deliver to absolutely everyone eating a wholesome food regimen, ingesting a plant-based food plan.
Critically crucial: diet B12.So there’s vitamins that aren’t made by means of plant life.
One’s nutrition D, which is made by way of animals which include your self while you stroll out of doors; it’s the sunshine diet.And the other one’s diet B12.
Not made by plant life, now not made by means of animals either; made through little microbes that blanket the earth.So, you already know, we ought to get all the B12 we wanted consuming well water or out of a mountain or some thing a long term ago, but now we chlorinate our water supply to kill off any micro organism, so we don’t have plenty of B12 in our water any greater.
Don’t get loads of cholera either. It’s a very good aspect that we live within a pleasant sanitary global, however due to that we want to get a everyday dependable source of B12.Critically critical, in particular for pregnant ladies, but for all of us.
During pregnancy iodine’s important, a mineral regularly lacking from prenatal nutrients, so it’s vital, if you’re getting a prenatal, to ensure it has iodine. Recommended each day allowance is 150 micrograms a day.
Gianna And For Children Being Raised Vegan, Do You Recommend Any Books Or Any Videos To Watch?
Is That Something That You Would Recommend To Raise Children Whole Food, Plant Based?
Should we raise our children healthy?I say sure, certainly, and so does the maximum esteemed pediatrician within human records, Benjamin Spock, within the 7th edition of Child and Baby Care, that's like one of the fine-promoting books ever, second handiest to the Bible possibly on this country.
Where within his final version he wrote, within his 90s before he died, advocated all kids be raised with zero exposure to meat and dairy, and he did that due to the fact he should see what the grandparents had been demise from and see this burgeoning youth weight problems epidemic. So genuinely we must improve our children inside the healthiest viable manner.That way no longer having them smoke cigarettes.
That manner having them put on seat belts, smoke alarms in the home, and an entire food, plant-based food plan—absolutely primary, simple. And even the ADA, well, what’s now the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics, of their reliable position paper says strictly plant-primarily based diets are suitable for all levels of the way of life, which include being pregnant and infancy and on via antique age.So really, we need to all be elevating healthful children, and in reality, Scott Stoll is currently writing a e book on elevating vegan kids;
he’s got six, so he knows one or two matters about it. Gianna good enough, wide variety four:please assist provide an explanation for soy and hormones, and why both males and females need no longer fear it.
Soy is a misunderstood bean. All sorts of nuttiness out on the net.If you examine the technology, even though, it’s surely just sort of a super clinical consensus within terms of human beings.
I suggest, the laboratory animal experiences, it depends if you’re a hamster or a rat, or unique traces of mice have exceptional results. When we subsequently had human facts, so for instance breast cancer, you may see issues at the net about, look, soy has phytoestrogens.
When You Think Of Estrogen Receptor Positive Breast Cancer, Should Women With Breast Cancer Be Eating Soy?
And so we didn’t recognize till 2004, the primary research that virtually placed it to the test and in reality accompanied breast cancer survivors, some that ate soy and some that didn’t, simply to see who lived longer, who had much less breast most cancers recurrence. And within that study and in all of five studies accomplished so far, each single one observed that ladies with breast most cancers, whether estrogen receptor nice or poor, whether or not they had been on Tamoxifen or now not—all always more survival;positioned them all collectively, extra survival, lower cancer recurrence rate.
And so we’ve acknowledged that ingesting soy, specifically throughout childhood, can lessen the risk of having breast most cancers within the first area, but now we know it’s associated with improved survival as well. So wait a 2d.How is that viable whilst it has estrogenic results?
Well, no, see you don’t apprehend. There’s in reality two kinds of estrogen receptor cells—it’s an extended story:alpha, beta—so essentially your very own estrogen, your endogenous estrogen produced with the aid of your ovaries attaches preferentially to alpha receptors.
Soy attaches to a special form of estrogen receptors. So it subjects, the results of soy on the frame subjects on the ratio of those extraordinary receptors and different organs of the body.And so it actually has pro-estrogen consequences in which you need it, like in the bones, skeleton.
It surely reduces bone loss compared to dairy milk, for instance, within reviews of soy milk. But it has android estrogenic effects where you want it, as an example in the breast, decreasing breast cancer threat and improving breast most cancers survival.So it’s what’s called a selective estrogen receptor modulator, a flowery term for essentially the excellent of all worlds.
So it reduces hot flashes, anti-estrogen effect, strengthens the bones, pro-estrogenic effect, reduces breast most cancers danger. And so you don’t need to eat it;all the legumes are wholesome, and i encourage human beings to devour complete soy resources like edamame, immature inexperienced soybeans;
you may get frozen baggage of it, sprinkle it to your salad, a extremely good preference. Tempeh, miso, those are all entire soy foods, in addition to some of the greater processed stuff.And so that you look within the scientific literature, it’s clear.
We’ve were given lots of movies approximately it. So yeah, you simply don’t trust the craziness you read at the net.Gianna And only for the adult males out there which might be concerned that they could grow breasts or something like that from soy.
Can We Help Debunk That For Men, So They Don’t Fear It As Well?
Sure.So there’s three case reviews within literature of gynecomastia with immoderate soy intake.
But via excessive soy—they had been actually ingesting gallons of soy milk an afternoon, so I forget… I suppose a few human beings, like 40 servings of soy a day, and at that stage you can truely get enough alpha receptor pastime to certainly have seasoned-estrogenic effects. So the reply isn't always to avoid soy, but not drink four gallons of soy milk a day.
Gianna So Men Aren’t Going To Grow Breasts If They’re Eating Soy Here And There?
No, and actually it'd be healthy. So soy intake within men is related to decrease prostate most cancers threat, that's the primary cancer killer precise to men.Gianna ok, question number five:
Can A Whole Food, Plant-Based Diet Help Heal Autoimmune Diseases Like Thyroid Issues And Colitis?
So ingesting an anti-inflammatory weight-reduction plan, no surprise, can be one of the satisfactory dietary remedies for inflammatory sicknesses in wellknown, inclusive of auto-immune ailment.So as an example, more than one sclerosis, which is an vehicle-immune disease where your frame attacks your personal nerves, the single great recorded intervention—scientific, surgical, some thing, no capsules—have ever beaten out a plant-based eating regimen:
Roy Swank’s anti-MS weight loss program, so the best. So it’s now not simply safer, cheaper.No, the only remedy ever published in the peer reviewed scientific medical literature, a plant-primarily based weight loss program.
Chron’s ailment, equal factor. A poll out of Japan the usage of a plant-based totally diet, a number of the pleasant relapse prevention shares ever.Chron’s ailment is an car-immune inflammatory bowel ailment.
Rheumatoid arthritis, one of the maximum effective interventions for rheumatoid arthritis—whether or not we’re speaking about objective measures which include grip energy and inflammatory markers inside the blood movement or simply within phrases of first-rate of existence for people stricken by these diseases. Auto-immune disorder, we just don’t have plenty of precise records for.We have statistics, so the Adventist 2 statistic found that folks who devour strictly plant-based totally diets have the highest shares of what’s known as euthyroid thyroid, which means everyday thyroid function, and so it is able to prevent thyroid troubles.
But there’s in no way been any statistic that truly placed plant-primarily based diets to the take a look at in phrases of treating thyroid disfunction, except we’re talking approximately something like iodine deficiency. There’s different sorts of inflammatory sicknesses that we don’t have statistics for, but it might make experience if it works for all these other vehicle-immune sicknesses, it really works for those different inflammatory diseases, an anti-inflammatory weight loss plan might have this effect.And part of that anti inflammatory energy is from the fiber.
You say, fiber? Who could assume fiber?We assume like bowel fitness or something.
It’s simply kind of an inert substance. Not in any respect.We can’t digest fiber, but our exact intestine bacteria can.
We have trillions of micro organism within our intestine. And we used to think that turned into just intestine health, but now we realize that our microbiome, our pleasant flora down within our colon definitely could have consequences on our immune system, even our mental health.
And What Do They Eat, What Do Our Good Bugs Eat?
They devour prebiotics, which is fiber and resistant starch observed in abundance within best one vicinity: whole plant ingredients, and some of these compounds have anti inflammatory results.They’re damage down merchandise of fiber;
they get absorbed into your device and circulated for the duration of your body. So that’s one of the reasons why plant-based diets are so anti inflammatory.Gianna Number six:
What are your thoughts on nutrients and supplements, vegan based, both taken orally or intravenously like diet C drips? Well, absolutely nutrition B12 is severely vital for anybody eating a wholesome weight loss program, so I’d advocate 2500 micrograms of what’s referred to as cyanocobalamin, which is the cheapest source.Once every week is all you want.
Costs less than $5 a year. You’re going to get all of the B12 you want, however severely critical from a everyday reliable source.If you’re now not getting sufficient solar… Now, in case you’re light skinned sufficient and young sufficient and skinny sufficient and live at a range that’s sunny enough, then getting 10, 15 mins of mid-day sun, you’ll get all of the diet D you need.
But it doesn’t depend how sunny it's miles in case you’re caught at a desk activity all day, not getting outdoor, wherein case you’d need to complement your weight loss program with nutrition D, the sunshine diet. I endorse 2,000 international gadgets of vitamin D3 a day.So, I mean intravenous nutrition C has been used as a cancer remedy, going lower back to the Seventies with Linus Pauling’s paintings.
It turned into seeing that—exciting—form of debunked with the aid of Mayo Clinic, wherein they gave humans a whole bunch of nutrition C; didn’t see the sort of surprising consequences that had been originally visible, but they have been using oral diet C.We used to assume, well, oral vitamin C is similar to intravenous vitamin C, however no, our frame clearly clamps down on diet C absorption.
At very small doses it doesn’t count number either way, you’ll absorb all of it. But as soon as your frame receives over about 200, 250 milligrams of vitamin C—which is ready five servings of fruits and vegetables worth—your body begins clamping “that’s a touch an excessive amount of.” Your frame starts offevolved clamping down on absorption, in order that they clearly weren’t exposed to the identical amount.And so i've a whole series of motion pictures on intravenous nutrition C for cancer if you’re interested by that;
I inspire humans to check it out. Gianna Should we be cooking cru—your preferred—must we be cooking cruciferous veggies, like steaming broccoli, or is blending uncooked kale in a smoothie powerful enough, and is it terrible for the thyroid to eat them uncooked? Oh, my God.We have to eat cruciferous veggies in whichever way gets us to consume the most of them.
You like raw broccoli? Eat raw broccoli.You like steamed broccoli?
Eat steamed. Whichever manner gets you to eat the most.In fact cruciferous vegetables are one of my Daily Dozen.
It’s a unfastened app on iPhone, Android: “ ’s Daily Dozen.” I communicate approximately all of the foods I encourage people to get and in shape into their day by day recurring.So, , veggies every day are the healthies greens, beans each day, berries every day are the healthiest fruits.
A tablespoon of floor flaxseeds, a quarter teaspoon of ground turmeric. You understand, the quality beverage, the satisfactory sweeteners, how lots workout to get—just to type of encourage people to try to suit some of the healthies of healthy foods into the diet.And one of these packing containers I encourage people to tick off every day, you’re no longer going to healthy—you’re now not going to check off the day except you get some shape of cruciferous greens, which is set a 1/2 cup of cooked cruciferous veggies, approximately a cup of raw.
And so that’s like kale, collards, bok choy, and Brussels sprouts, and collard greens, some of these tremendous greens. And so basically but you get them in your weight loss plan, the better.During the summertime, green smoothies are a high-quality go-to manner to get veggies on your breakfast.
And I type of destroy a few white beans in my oatmeal simply to get my legumes, got to test those off. But, yeah, put them in a smoothie, put them everywhere;so long as you’re getting vegetables, that’s the most crucial component.
Now you could overdo, I imply you may overdo raw cruciferous vegetables that have this so referred to as goitrogenic compounds that are determined in lots of healthy foods, not simplest broccoli, but additionally flaxseeds and some of different healthful things. But the response isn't to avoid those in reality healthful ingredients;it’s simply to get enough iodine because those goitrogenic compounds just intrude with the uptake of iodine, which is the thyroid gland.
So in case you’re truely marginally no longer getting enough iodine, then ingesting quite a few broccoli and cruciferous can actually have an effect on your ranges. So the reply, you simply make sure you’re getting a supply of iodine;the healthiest one is sea veggies, so that you like munch on those seaweed snacks, and then much like darkish green leafies as a snack.
Ah! I mean the greater methods you can get them into your eating regimen, the better.There changed into this well-known case in the New England Journal of Medicine, a lady who—I overlook, it become like literally heaps of kilos of uncooked bok choy, she became on a few crazy food plan, and in fact did run into thyroid troubles, so 1000 pounds… adequate, but… Gianna It’s like the soy.
…I inspire people, proper. And look, we’re speakme about ingredients with medicinal effects.I mean we need to expect like if you could consume as tons—I mean if there’s a limiteless quantity of some thing that you may be exposed to, in all likelihood doesn’t have tons “uumph” to it, proper?
But the truth that, appearance, no, a number of these foods can have effective outcomes on our biology, so no marvel that there’s a positive degree that you want to stay within, but thankfully they’re all effortlessly through any type of traditional culinary dose. Gianna Number eight:is sprouting nuts, seeds, grains and beans higher for digestion?
If so, why? Oh, well, see, a part of the purpose that people soak or sprout nuts is to dispose of the phytates.So there has been this notion, based totally on studies on dogs lower back in the ‘50s, that phytates have been mineral inhibitors.
And so the way you may eliminate the phytates, you soak nuts or you sprout nuts to get rid of the phytates, and then you definately’d maximize your calcium absorption and other critical minerals. But we now recognize no longer only is that not the case, but phytates are truly healthy for you, truely beneficial outcomes of phytates, so we should in reality attempt to get as plenty phytates in our diet as feasible, and the manner we do that is through consuming our nuts un-sprouted, eating our nuts un-soaked.And so, yeah, I encourage humans to eat raw nuts, seeds, and seed butters.
The motive we’d alternatively no longer roast them is because of the formation of AGE’s, Advanced Glycation End products, which might be these glycotoxins associated with improved danger of kidney disorder and Alzheimer’s and increased aging and all kinds of actually horrific things. And it’s fashioned while excessive fats, high protein ingredients are exposed to extremely excessive warmth, dry warmth.And so almost all AGE publicity is meat—so like barbequed warm puppies, so barbequed, grilling, grilled hen, that sort of factor—extraordinarily excessive.
So in case you observe it, whereas plant ingredients have almost nothing regardless of what you do—I imply you may grill a bell pepper and you’re no longer going to provide a trouble, but there are uncommon plant meals which might be high within protein consequences, including nuts, including soy. So we must definitely, preferably need to now not—like Cajun blackened tofu, now not a good idea on a ordinary basis due to those ages.So that’s why we truly shouldn’t roast our nuts.
Gianna And Why Do You Recommend Nut Butters As Opposed To Just The Whole Nut?
Oh, clearly complete nuts are higher because you genuinely bite down to little debris—regardless of how properly you chew, you commonly most effective fracture down to about 2 mm, which is 1000 instances large than the debris determined within nut butters.And the motive that’s important is because the ones cellular partitions and people little cubes, which contain loads of thousands of intact partitions, virtually protect all of the nutrients inner from absorption on your small intestine, and that creates a bounty for our intestine plant life.
So when we consume just acellular ingredients, powders like flour products, even if it’s 100% entire wheat flour—so if we consume 100% complete wheat flour bread or pasta or some thing, we’re getting all of the nutrients; they didn’t remove the fiber, however all the nutrients are out, uncovered to be absorbed.They get absorbed in the small intestine, leaving little or no for our gut vegetation on the quit.
Whereas in case you consume entire intact grains or complete beans, then there is definitely these little clumps of meals that’s leftover for our top micro organism, and that improves our gut fitness and improves our microbiome. Gianna i really like it.Since a lot of our soil is depleted of minerals, in which can we get incredible assets of minerals?
So that’s a few scammy hint mineral dealer talk. Somebody ought to observe crop nutrient decline during the last half century, maybe 15%.So humans seeking to promote you mineral dietary supplements will make this, will say, oh, our vegetation are depleted, just because they’re seeking to sell you some thing.
We can actually examine the records; the USDA tracks vitamins inside the soil going returned for a century:15% decrement.
So which means, ok, rather than five florets of broccoli, now you need to devour six florets of broccoli in place of a half century ago. Fine, eat six florets of broccoli.There’s no want to take mineral dietary supplements.
Gianna good enough. Number ten: For individuals who say anybody’s different, so we all require one-of-a-kind diets.Yeah.
Gianna What is your advice in this, and does a whole food, plant-primarily based weight loss program help us stay longer, healthier lives, every person? So, it’s not like—like at a zoo, there’s a gorilla diet and there’s a lemur diet.It’s now not like, oh, you’re lemur #12, so that you get some loopy food plan.
No, there’s a diet that’s naturally tuned to our biology. We developed for millions of years.So we broke from our ultimate incredible ape ancestors about 20 million years in the past.
So for the primary 90% of our evolution until approximately 2 million years ago we ate what our fellow super apes ate, which is essentially veggies and fruit. We had been a plant-based totally weight loss plan, nearly completely plant-based food regimen, and only within the last 10% of our evolution did we begin knowing the way to make equipment and searching, etc.And so our biology is tuned to consuming complete meals, plant primarily based—so no surprise that the same form of eating regimen that reverses heart disorder, the primary killer of males and females, is the identical eating regimen that still reverses diabetes, and the equal weight loss program that reverses excessive blood strain.
And So A Kidney Healthy Diet, Is A Liver Healthy Diet, Is A Brain Healthy Diet, Right?
And all of it makes sense because, look, the anti inflammatory eating regimen is a weight loss program that facilitates your arteries anywhere at some point of your frame.I mean, appearance, if that’s all a plant-based totally weight-reduction plan could do, opposite the number one killer of males and females, shouldn’t that be form of the default weight loss program until validated otherwise?
In truth that it could additionally prevent or reverse different leading killers would appear to make the case for plant-primarily based ingesting definitely overwhelming. Gianna We have one bonus question.Bonus!
What do ya’ got?Gianna What Is The Most Effective Way To Help People Convert To Being Plant Based?
So I think sharing sources with them.
So on occasion it’s difficult; humans placed up their defenses while someone tries—when everyone involves us with a few new idea that conflicts with what we agree with, there’s just this sort of natural reaction to sort of want to keep on.That’s why sharing sort of 0.33-party resources:
“Here’s a superb documentary, right here’s a amazing internet site, here’s a first rate ebook,” and then they can type of take it in on themselves, and then sort of the inducement comes from through in preference to feeling a person’s attempting to inform them to do some thing. So that’s one in all my favourite approaches.And share notable food!
They have this experience that, oh, yeah, it doesn’t matter how—will I stay that long or just feel like I lived that lengthy? But no, it’s surely the first-class of each worlds.Some of the yummiest, like berries, right?
Wait a 2nd. Tastes tremendous and you get to stay longer?That’s what plant-based consuming is all about Gianna Thanks for tuning in, Love, Giana, and… [silence].
You have to say, “ .” I didn’t realize my line. Where’s my cue card?